The Los Angeles Riots of 1992 Essay examples -- Exploratory Essays Res

The Los Angeles Riots of 1992The Los Angeles screamings were a release of pressure that had build up from the innocent charging of Officer Laurence M. Powell and other Police officers that Used prodigal force on Rodney King on March 3, 1991, but that was not the only reason.(8) In the words of a singer singing about the riots They give tongue to it was for the scorch man, they said it was for the Mexican, but not for the white man, but if you look at the streets it wasnt about Rodney King, Its bout this f****d up situation and the f****n police.(9) Did the riots even have anything to do with King? Was King a minor reason for this to happen, or did King put the level of pressure right everyplace the top? Whatever way you see it, the fact is that on April 29, 1992, anarchy was set free in Los Angeles and before the papers could write about the happenings in this city of angels, the writing on the walls could tell it all. Reginald Denny, a truck driver that was driving through the area of hate, stopped his truck and was pulled from his seat only to be beaten by a group of African Americans, was smiled at for his stupidity. Did Reginald Denny deserve to be beaten as much as King did? Many hoi polloi that participated in the riot believed so, even though those were the same people that felt that that King was wrongly treated. Was this feeling of revenge produced by racism or honest take a hit, leave a hit that would be forgotten once the pain was the same for everyone? Unfortunately, revenge never finds its own way to normal, humankind always wants to be one up on the competition. The system of LA seemed to be falling apart at the thought of Blacks getting unfair treatment under the same conditions. The fact that Blacks were the ones tha... ... of black doctors helped save life of LA riot victim Reginald Denny. Jet, 51, v82 n6 OBrien, Maureen, (1992, May 11) Bookstores, libraries destroyed in LA riot. Publishers Weekly, 9, v239 n22 Marlow, Michel, (1992, May 5) LA aftermath WWD, p21, v163 n88 Wojcik, Joanne, (1992, May 4) LA riot damage costliest in history losses to top $200 million most damage in likely insured. Business Insurance, 1, v26 n18 Shoemaker, A., James, C., King, L., Hardin, E., Ordog G. (1993, Dec 15) Urban strength in Los Angeles in the aftermath of the riots a perspective from health care professionals, with implications for social reconstruction. JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association, 2833, v270 n23 field Review Magazine, (1993, Nov 15) Crime without punishment. National Review, 14, v45 n22 April 29, 1992, Sublime, Sublime MCA Records, 1995

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 Essay -- History Historical Politi

Before engaging in the debates with Senator Stephen A. Douglas, Lincoln was relatively unknown in the political world and was just beginning his calling in politics. Abraham Lincolns reputation was just starting to grow, and his life was about to make a drastic change. The Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 were a turning point in Abraham Lincolns political career.Lincoln had served four terms in the Illinois legislature, and now desired an office with greater prestige. Lincoln had served the Whig Party well, and election to sexual relation became his goal.In 1843 and 1844, Lincoln lost the nomination for Congress to other candidates. Although disappointed, he kept striving for his goal. Finally, in 1846, his hard work had paid off. Abraham Lincoln win the Whig nomination for the U. S. House of Representatives.Lincoln started his Congressional career on December 6, 1847. He failed to make the reputation he had hoped for in Congress. Some of his main tasks included, a bill that would free slaves in the District of Columbia and supporting the Wilmot Proviso, banning slavery in territories acquired from Mexico. He also supported the Whig policy which had the government nonrecreational for internal improvements, and in 1848, he worked on the nomination and election of Zachary Taylor, the Whig candidate for President. Already in his political career, Lincoln had a strong stand on slavery. His term ended on March 4, 1849. Lincolns stay in Congress was brief and frustrating. He opposed the Mexican War so vigorously that he lost much of his popularity with his constituency. At the expiration of his term in 1849 he harvest-tideed home and sank into the political background.At that point, Lincoln decided to return to Springfield, Illinois and revive his law career. He practiced law more seriously than ever and represented big businesses and corporations in many lawsuits, and soon prospered. After successfully defending the Illinois Central Railroad in an important tax case, he became known as the leading lawyer of Illinois. His reputation all over the put forward had grown steadily. However, Lincoln knew that law was non his dream.Abraham Lincoln decided to reenter politics. At that point in time, there had been a sudden change in the topic theme towards slavery. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 had prohibited slavery in territories north of Missouris so... ...tly he who molds public sentiment goes deeper than he who enacts statutes or pronounces decisions (Phillips 38). The supra quotation was part of Lincolns remarks in the first Lincoln-Douglas debate at Ottawa on August 21, 1858. Also, Lincoln was one of the best off-the-cuff debaters of all time (Phillips 145). Lincoln listened to what the people wanted, which gained him popularity and respect. During the debates, he was always confident, mostly because he stood up for what he believed was right. Even if Lincolns ideas were of the minority, he would not back down. These verbal skills ben efited him throughout his political career. Besides national interest, Lincoln received worldwide appeal. This tall, honest politician was now known across the globe.The Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 label a turning point in Abraham Lincolns political career, and lead to his popularity among the United States. Finally, without the debates, a great leader, Lincoln, would never have been produced. Abraham Lincoln was a great writer and a great orator as well as a great leader (Ayres IX). Abraham Lincoln started his political career as a nobody, but in the end was greatly admired.

Explain, with specific examples from the novel, How the writer’s :: Free Essay Writer

Explain, with specific examples from the novel, How the writers descriptions of location and setting reflect the changes inJane Eyres character.In this essay I will explain how Charlotte Bronte manages to changethe wit and feelings in Jane Eyres character by the description ofthe location and setting. Throughout Jane Eyre, as Jane herself movesfrom one physical location to a nonher, the settings in which she findsherself vary considerably. Bronte makes the most of this by carefullyarranging those settings, to match the differing circumstances Janefinds herself in at each.In this novel, Charlotte Bronte uses violence throughout the book tokeep the reader interested and also at the same m it creates a goodspringboard for emotional and dramatical scenes. This is a great wayfor Bronte, to express the different changes in Jane Eyres mood andfeelings. The maiden occurrence of this is when Jane physicallyquarrels with her cousin John. This leads to Jane being locked up inthe Red Room in which her uncle died. This represents violence becauseof the physical fighting and that the room is also red, which roughlypeople think represents violence. Also, in the book Charlotte Bronteuses the technique of pathetic fallacy to represent Janes moods e.g.the cold winter wind had brought with its clouds so sombre, a rainso penetrating, that further outdoor exercise was now out of thequestion (chapter 1, Page 9). This is a description of the weather atGateshead, showing that Janes inner mood is blank and miserable. Shefeels unsure about her future, by not having a bare insight into herlife. As a young girl, Jane Eyre feels trapped at Gateshead, as if itis her whole world.In the first chapter, Charlotte Bronte makes a in truth good attempt atdescribing Janes fear of John Reed, He bullied and punished me nottwo or three times in the week, but continually every nerve I hadfeared him, and every morsel of flesh on my cram shrank when he camenear (Chapter 1, Page 12). This is a descri ption of Janes fear thatshe has of John. This shows that Jane could not be very happy andwould be frightened most of the time because of the bullying andpunishing John gave to her continually. Also in the first chapter,Jane is excluded to the breakfast room and she went behind a closedcurtain reading quietly which was very enjoying for her, I was thenhappy happy at least in my way. This shows Janes happiness when sheis reading a book, In my own scene I think Jane gets happy because

Chemistry by Graham Swift, Snowdrops by Leslie Norris, and finally Essa

Chemistry by Graham Swift, Snowdrops by Leslie Norris, and finally Superman and Paula brownnesss New Snowsuit by Sylvia Platt.How do the authors of the anthology divvy up with the subject of change?In this essay I am comparing three stories together.These stories are Chemistry by Graham Swift, Snowdrops by LeslieNorris, and finally Superman and Paula Browns New Snowsuit bySylvia Platt.I allow for investigate how the stories are similar and different, and alsohow they come across to the reader.I will explore the techniques they use and how each author deals withthe subject of change.Chemistry is about a boy recalling his childhood and that sees aninvisible bond between himself, his mother, and his grandfather. Heuses the boat to symbolise the bond, and when the boat sinks, the bondis broken.We see things as the boy saw it, recall the boys thoughts andemotions of how he felt towards his mothers buff Ralph.Snowdrops is from another boys memory, where it outlines twodifferent worlds , the adult world, and the child world. The boy isexcited by the thought of seeing snowdrops that his teacher MissWebster was fetching them to see. He is excited of seeing the flowers ashe reckons they are magical. The boy finally sees the flowers andfeels depressed because they are not exciting at all.Superman and Paula Browns New Snowsuit is set from the eyes of agirl, who always thought her Uncle Frank was like superman, and has alovely life until a few incidents cave in it for her.The poor girl is heartbroken as she is blamed for an accident thathappened which she had nothing to do with. She finally realises thather Uncle Frank (her Superman) will not always come to her re... ...fying affirmationToday Miss Webster was going to show them the snowdrops growing inthe little three cornered garden outside the school keepers house,where they werent allowed to go.This makes us recover Who is narrating? Who are them/they?In Superman and Paula Browns New Snowsuit the poor girl is s hown thereal images of war, and her own mind would not let her look apart Iblocked my ears to muffle the sound of the men groaning, but I couldnot tear my eyes away from the screen.In conclusion I believe that the authors are very successful inwriting these stories and in my opinion each story is well structuredand planned.Each story was very halcyon to read, quite short but informative.These stories were very interesting to read the authors give a whole tender aspect to Short Stories and have shown me a new way to writeshort stories.

Essay --

Jane continues her new life at Thornfield now with the interest of Mr. Rochester and she thinks about the concept of marriage. Charlotte Bronte shows the personal manner each character thinks of each other and how they treat each other. Jane is treated like an invisible un-acknowledgeable maid. Mr. Rochester treats her oppositely unlike his guests. While Jane sits and observes the guest she has an interesting compend on their looks, behavior and status. Janes response to Mrs. Ingrams engagement made her look like she is better than Mrs. Ingram.When Mr. Rochesters guest first arrived Jane did not move with them rather than Adele who wanted to see them. Jane felt that there was no use for her to be friendly with them. Jane doesnt know them and took the advice of Mrs. Fairfax by sitting at maintain and let the guest get comfortable. Jane also felt that as governess she will only assist Adele and Mr. Rochesters which is the reason for her long stay with the guests. But study that so long my visitors stay I expect you (Mr. Rochester, 183). Jane could have socially approached them ...

Essay --

Jane continues her new life at Thornfield now with the interest of Mr. Rochester and she thinks about the concept of marriage. Charlotte Bronte shows the way each character thinks of each otherwise and how they treat each other. Jane is treated like an invisible un-acknowledgeable maid. Mr. Rochester treats her oppositely unlike his guests. While Jane sits and observes the guest she has an interesting analysis on their looks, behavior and status. Janes receipt to Mrs. Ingrams engagement made her look like she is better than Mrs. Ingram.When Mr. Rochesters guest first arrived Jane did not interact with them rather than Adele who wanted to see them. Jane matte up that there was no use for her to be friendly with them. Jane doesnt know them and took the advice of Mrs. Fairfax by sitting at distance and let the guest get comfortable. Jane as well felt that as governess she will only assist Adele and Mr. Rochesters which is the reason for her long stay with the guests. But understand that so long my visitors stay I expect you (Mr. Rochester, 183). Jane could have socially approached them ...

Importance of Planning

Any successful Project conductor will tell you that the success of a project is determined by the initial plan. This plan, although changes may arise, provides a blueprint that allows managers to measure deliverables that determine the projects success or failure. In the beginning phase of planning, the specifications are defined which results in an agreement by each member of the team to handle specific responsibilities. This allows each member to gain clarity and understand how he or she fits into the overall plan.Then the plan is looked at in a manner, which points out easily identifiable obstacles that can cause the project to fail. This is important because it allows the Project Manager to determine an initial outline that should be followed. As Blair states, From a purely defensive point of view, the agreed specification also affords you protection against the numbties who have guerrilla thoughts, or new ideas, half way through the project.During the specification stage, error s and challenges are identified through rigorous brainstorming and outlining the procedures that are to follow. This is important because it eliminates ambiguity and puts everyone on the same page. It also ensures that team members arent duplicating efforts or straying away from the initial plan. It is often easy for someone to find an easier or to a greater extent efficient way to do something but if it deviates from the overall goal, its not worth it to implement the change.Once the beginning phase is over, there are legion(predicate) events, resources, and people that must be allocated to the project. This is extremely important as well. The Project Manager must ensure that resources, time, and personnel are orchestrated correctly so that the ball is never dropped and the plan continues to move as scheduled. Without an initial plan, it would be impossible to measure the failure or success rate and projects would never be on schedule and there would be chaos.

Death in the stranger and night Essay

Before Meursault dies, he talks about his philosophy, and how he thinks the universe works. In this philosophical rant that he trails on, he says that nothing really matters in his life, or in anyones life. He begins to understand the actions of his mother towards the end of her life, and says that he understands the actions of the universe, and actually says the universe is comparable a brother. As if that blind choler had washed me clean, rid me of hope for the first time, in that night alive with signs and stars, I opened myself to the gentle indifference of the world.Finding it so much like myself-so like a brother, really-I felt that I had been happy and that I was happy again. (122-123). Meursaults indifference to his own finish once again represents Camus philosophy that remainder is simply an action that needs to be carried out at the end of life. This especially represents Camus philosophy since Meursault had been representing the philosophy of Camus in the pages before hand, which means that Camus most likely holds this military posture towards death, which is what is being broadcast through this book.In Night, the most important death that occurs in the book, among the many that are referenced, is the death of Elies father. Both before and subsequently his fathers death, Elie is extremely attached to his father, emotionally. He takes his relationship with his father so seriously that he says I had to stay at Buchenwald until April eleventh. I gull nothing to say of my life during this period. It no longer mattered. After my fathers death, nothing could touch me any more. (107) This shows that Elie is extremely attached to his father, since his fathers death drives him to apathy towards his life.He takes the death of his father extremely seriously. The importance of his fathers life to him is shown through his continued attempts to keep him alive. In example, the coping of Elies block tells him Here, there are no fathers, no brothers, no frie nds. Everyone lives and dies for himself alone. Instead of heeding the mans advice, Elie decides he will keep on act to save his father by feeding him his rations of soup and bread. This shows that Elies view on death is a personal one. He views death as a loss to the living.He very much cares about the fate of the dead, and would very much have them stay alive than die. The representation of death in the twain novels represents the attitude towards death held by the two cultures that the books represent. The Stranger, or Letranger, in the original French, represents French culture, since Albert Camus, who is really an Algerian, was greatly influenced by the French. Since Algeria was a French dependency at the time that The Stranger written, French and Algerian culture in the sense of their philosophy on death is really the same.Night represents Eastern-European Jewish culture, see as Elie Wiesel, a Jew born and raised in Eastern Europe, wrote the novel and portrayed other East ern-European Jews in it. Albert Camus novel The Stranger, and Elie Wiesels memoir Night some(prenominal) represented death in two very different ways. Albert Camus, through The Stranger portrayed death as a natural action that had to pass on to every person at some time in his or her life, and should not be taken as seriously as it is. Elie Wiesel, through Night, argued that death should be taken seriously, as should the dying.

Iraq or its capital of Baghdad was not accustomed to “freedom”

For, in truth, there is no sure way of prop other than by destroying, and whoever be get along withs master of a City accustomed to live in granting immunity and does not destroy it, may reckon on macrocosm destroyed by it (Machiavelli 11). Hence we may learn the lesson that on seizing a c in all down, the usurper should make haste to inflict what injuries he must, at a stroke, that he may not subscribe to to renew them daily, but be able by their discontinuation to reassure mens minds, and afterwards succeed them over by benefits (23).While it faeces hardly be argued that Iraq or its capital of Baghdad, which reflects the divisions of Iraq, was accustomed to freedom before the American invasion, it at least enjoyed freedom from foreign occupation. The above quote is relevant to the American experience in Iraq because, pursuant to the ruin to destroy the enemy in the opening stagecoachs of the war, the American guardianship is in serious risk of being destroyed by that very enemy, years after taking nominal control over Iraq.A failure to pacify restive Sunni centers such as Fallujah, Ramadi, and Mosul during or immediately after the initial invasion, a failure to destroy in Machiavellis parlance, left the American occupation armies among its enemies rather than victorious over them. This negligence, and the willingness to bypass centers of resistance on the drive to Baghdad rather than to subdue them, led directly to the next stage of failure, and the next piece of relevant advice from The Prince.If, however, the newly acquired City or Province has been accustomed to live under a Prince, and his line is extinguished, it will be unacceptable for the citizens, used, on the one hand, to obey, and deprived, on the other, of their old ruler, to agree to choose a leader from among themselves (11-12).The Prince in this scenario, of course, is Saddam Hussein Husseins line was two biological, in the form of his sons Uday and Qusay, and political, in the form of the brutal and brilliantly organized Baath Party. The United States willingly destroyed the heart, brain, and nerve center of the Iraki state and came with no workable plan to replace them. It should hardly have come as any(prenominal) surprise, bearing all of this in mind, that the Iraqi people have been unable to come to any sort of consensus on what form their new government should take. The entire gamble of the Iraq War, from the perspective of the Bush administration, hinged on the forecast that Machiavelli was wrong, the hope that citizens deprived of a powerful prince would be able to peaceably choose a new leader from among themselves.A further failure of the American green light in Iraq has been the inability to instill a sense of consignment for the new Iraqi government and force among a critical mass of the Iraqi people. fealty should not be taken to imply affection, but merely respect and deference. Employing historically brutal methods, Saddam Hussein garnere d a certain sense of loyalty from the Iraqi people. The new Iraq government, however, is not recognized by more or less Iraqis as the legitimate or competent representation of the Iraqi state instead, a people of militias and insurgent groups command far more loyalty on the street than do the national institutions sponsored and supported by the United States.The first rule of any government, democratic or not, is the rule of one gun. In other words, the state must be perceived to be the only legitimate employer of violence. That is most decidedly not the case in post-invasion Iraq. As Machiavelli wrote, a wise Prince should devise means whereby his subjects may at all times, whether favourable or adverse, intuitive feeling the need of the State and of him, and then they will always be faithful to him (26).The legitimacy and the staying power of the Iraqi government is the most important factor of the American mission in Iraq, since the emergence of an openly anti-American governm ent would dissolve any theoretical benefit from the original invasion. The trouble is that a self-perpetuating cycle is at work the Iraqi government likely cannot survive without American military protection, yet that very protection ensures that the Iraqi government will neer be genuinely legitimate in the eyes of its citizens. Mercenaries and auxiliaries are at once useless and dangerous, and he who holds his State by means of mercenary troops can never be solidly or securely seated (31).In a country as divided by clan and ethnicity and religious sect as Iraq is, an invading army must have a solid appraisal of what groups it must count as allies in order to efficaciously govern the country. Several of the decisions taken by the American proconsul, Jerry Bremer, imply that this appraisal was either never made or was horribly blundered. Two such decisions come to mind. Firstly, the Iraqi army was disbanded and its soldiers and officers were sent home without any way of supporting their families but with their weapons. Secondly, the Baath Party was dissolved, and a massive proportion of its members were excluded from meaningful affair in the new Iraq.Due to the nature of the Iraqi military, especially its officer corps, and the Baath party, these decisions effectively made enemies of the Sunni minority in Iraq, which included the most militarily competent, technocratic, educated, secular, and Western-oriented elements of the society. The very Iraqis, in other words, who could bring either the greatest harm or the greatest aid to the American occupation. As Princes cannot escape being hated by some, they should, in the first place, endeavor not to be hated by a class failing in which, they must do all they can to escape the hatred of that class which is the stronger (51).After dismissing the Iraqi army, and thereby humiliating a large portion of the population, it became evident that the American occupation could never succeed without an Iraqi army, as there were not nearly enough American soldiers to pacify Iraq. The Americans whence began training and arming a new Iraqi army, but the damage had been done. By dismissing the nearest thing to a truly national institution in Baathist Iraq, the Americans proved their distrust of the Iraqi people. It was therefore inevitable that the new, American-backed Iraqi army would be tainted as occupation collaborators by the population and occasionally as insurgent collaborators by the Americans.Most experts straight off point to the decision to disband the Iraqi army without pay and with weapons was the single biggest blunder that the United States made in Iraq. This single decision instantly created a vast class of humiliated, impoverished, idle, and armed young men, which essentially guaranteed the emergence of an insurgency. By disarming, you at once giver offence, since you show your subjects that you distrust them, either as disbelieving their courage, or as doubting their fidelity, each o f which imputations begets hatred against you (56).It seems unreal now, but it is important to note that there was no insurgency in the early months of the American occupation it seems now that the Iraqi people were giving the Americans a chance to make clear their true motives and intentions. One wonders what may have happened had the Iraqi army been called upon by the American army to join together in rebuilding and securing Iraq, a goal that both groups shared. One wonders what may have happened had thousands of mid-level Baathist technocrats been allowed to prolong their jobs, such as running electrical grids, hospitals, and water purification plants. One wonders indeed.The above quotes and examples are all variations of one unifying theme the American errors in Iraq have been driven by a failure to recognize its natural allies, to preempt the emergence of natural enemies, and to win the trust and loyalty of the local population. individually of these necessities was articulat ed in The Prince, and one wonders if George W. Bush and Donald Rumsfeld ever read the book.Works CitedMachiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. New York Dover Publications, Inc., 1992.

Music Appreciation Unit One Lab Questions

1.Describe some of the influence of Latin medicinal drug in the US in the proto(prenominal) part of the twentieth century. In the early part of the twentieth century, Latin medication influenced the creation of a new type of medicinal drug, Afro-Cuban retire.2.What was the significance of Machito and His Afro-Cubans? Machito and His Afro-Cubans created the genre of Afro-Cuban Jazz and created a bridge between the two cultures, and found success with white people.3.How did Dizzy Gillespie incorporate Latin music into his music? Dizzy Gillespie invited a pseudo from Cuba named Chano, and the two of them worked together.4.What was the Palladium?Palladium was located in mid-town Manhattan. It was a former dance studio, but it was transformed into the home of the Mambo.5.How did the television and films increase the exposure of the US to Latin music? The television and films increased the exposure of the US to Latin music, because it allowed the public to slowly become familiarized with it. Television shows like I making love Lucy showed that white women and Cuban men could be together. Due to the fact that the men were Cuban, they also played their music on the show as well. 6.How did Latin music influence rock music?Latin music influenced rock music they both had the same chord progression, bass lines and rhythms. 7.Why do you think Latin music had such a great influence on the development of popular music? I believe that the reason why Latin Music had such a great influence on the development of popular music, is because it was new, and its upbeat rhythms made it easy to listen to and encouraged people to dance and have a great time. 8.Do you think that any of the music that you listen to has Latin influences? Why or why not? Yes, I do believe that Latin music has influenced the music I listen to. I listen to Latin artists such as Pitbull, and I enjoy his music very much. At the same time, I listen to a lot of upbeat rhythm songs that have somewhat of a L atin feel to them.

Advantage of Using Mobile

Health Effects Electromagnetic radiation from mobile reverberate recalls may ca use of goods and services health problems. Rigorous studies atomic publication 18 being carried out to know virtually the negative effects of cell phones. Sleep deprivation, stress and brain problems dumbfound been linked to overuse of cell phones, and are considered as the possible effects of cell phone radiation. Some studies have account that cell phone usage flush toilet trigger male infertility symptoms. But nothing has been proved yet, though we can lessen mobile use to some extent. Children Suffer Children have been found to have some worrisome effects of mobile phone usage.Since they have weaker immune system, thinner skin and developing nervous system, waves generated from mobile phones can harm their body cells. It has been found that children can absorb radio waves to a farther greater extent than adults. Legal Issues Mobile phones draw with cameras and hence this has led to hundreds of thousands of cases pending in courts about privacy problems. There have been instances in the past, in countries like Saudi Arabia, Japan, Korea, where a ban was imposed on camera phones, making it a strict rule to sell only those cell phones that come with an appreciable click soundMoreover, crime rate has also increased with miscreants like robbers and terrorists pursuing their nefarious schemes through mobile phones. Driving and Mobile Phones If not anything, this is certainly one of the most dangerous disadvantages of cell phones. In the US, cell phone and driving have become a major concern among occupation officials. The seriousness of this issue in the eyes of the federal government was highlighted when a US court in 2009, imposed a whopping million horse fine for raging on phone while driving, on a Texan driver.It is the highest fine imposed in the world, for someone using mobile phone while driving. Many accidents can be averted if people are cautious, and avoid cell phone usage while driving. Advantages and Disadvantages of Mobile Phones in Business here are some advantages of mobile phones in business. Its easier to contact employees, staff members and clients. Mobile phone is useful in sales and marketing business. For business people, mobile procedure is the first thing their clients/customers ask, in case, theyre interested in the business idea/product. In business, you cant meet everyone.With cell phones you can contact the person and even talk as per his time and convenience. Moreover, you can have more time at your disposal to talk. Business people can check emails, keep reminders about meetings, conferences and put down details of business etc. even in small gadgets like mobile phones. With inexpensive phone plans for corporate firms, business networking has been redefined. Mobile phones come with several(prenominal) disadvantages in business. They are as follows. Business people can often feel stressed due to constant calls. This i s true for telemarketers. Even consumers get stupefy due to various calls.Some employers who give the facility of cell phones to their employees are often afraid of potential costs that the firm has to bear. But then, these days, call rates are pretty inexpensive and people avoid using business sim cards for their personal usage. Hence, this disadvantage is not a big concern. In general, landline numbers racket still indicate authenticity and if you glance around, every large business group will, for sure, have a landline number. For an effective business firm, landline number is important. Any change that transforms our society (for the good or bad, both) effect every age group.Several schools of thoughts have raised their voice for various advantages of mobile phones for students. Being in touch with parents and for seeking help during emergencies, are some of the advantages of mobile phones in school but more than that, I dont think students must be allowed to exonerate cell ph ones in schools. Cell phones for kids pros and cons are many, and the school management and parents must consider properly before allowing kids to carry mobile phones in school. Studies have reported that mobile phones have been used by students for cheating in tests, arranging drug deals, thereby causing distraction in studies.Till today, cell phone use in schools is a highly debated topic. This was all about the advantages and disadvantages of mobile phones. Certainly, too much of everything is bound to have negative implications. Since the last few years, cell phone radiations have been said to be a prominent problem and as the number of cell phone users are increasing day by day, checkup threats are bound to increase. While we can wait and watch for more medical and scientific evidences supporting medical concerns about mobile usage, as an individual, we can try to restrict mobile phone usage.

Death of a Salesman- Essay-Reflection Essay

In remnant of Salesman, the conflicts that the characters face through out in the play, can be interpreted as reflections of the problems in Americas society directly. The majority, if not all of these problems can be traced back to Willy Loman as the source. Willy Lomans longing to be successful (either actually through himself or through his sons) was the origin of all the other problems, and was the reason he could not control himself and he ruined his life and his family.The most straightforward societal problem face in the play is greed. Willys obsession with having money is a perfect figure of the larges part of society, the part whose lives revolve around acquiring money, and having the best. The people have unrealistic expectations just like Willy. In Act 1, Willy is hallucinating around his brother Ben and he says, The man knew what he wanted and went out and got it Walked into a jungle, and comes out, the age of twenty-one, and hes rich (41).Willy and countless people in todays society, have unrealistic expectations, and ar neer honestly satisfied. They are willing to do anything to get to the top, raze if it means hurting others, and most of the date they are left with nothing. Just like Willy in the garden, muttering, Nothings planted. I dont have a thing in the build because they have done nothing substantial with their lives and have not planted anything (122). They apply all their time concerned with money and neglected to invest in anything concrete, like real love, and having a family. They have no real lives outside of materialistic things, just like Willy.Willys constant disregard for others and their lives is another voice of a problem Americas society faces being represented in the play. In todays society, it is seen as expectable to push others down, and rig your self first. In Death of a Salesman, Willy does this constantly when it comes time to be honest and care for his family. Willys actions greatly affected his family, a nd were the reason for numerous of thrusting, bright and Lindas problems. When he was fired, Willy said, I was fired and I am looking for a little good news to tell your mother, because the adult female has waited and suffered(107).Willy, like many people with any sort of conscience today, regains bad and wants to tell Linda that he was fired (something that willdrastically effect his entire family, especially considering their already unfinished financial problems), notwithstanding this want is smothered by his need to have good news. This want is essentially just a ploy to thrust him feel better about himself, so once again Willy puts Linda second to his own needs, which is really the reason for all the waiting and suffering she had to do. This disregard, is also obvious in todays society, one persons actions can affect the whole community. Like in the case of all the terrible decisions George provide. George Bush made decisions for the country, that were not for the comm on good, but his good, and now America is left picking up the pieces now that hes gone.Many people implore that a major problem with the order of todays society is that people no longer respect their elders. Arthur Miller, obviously saw this occurring even in the 1950 when he wrote the book. Willy raised Biff and Happy, putting all in hopes, dreams and inhabitations into them. But when they were old enough no to have to depend on them anymore, they walked outside(a) from him. Linda even acknowledges it and says, It sounds old fashioned and silly but I tell you he put his whole life into you and youve turned your backs on him(60). Biff and Happy used their mother to become who they were, but when he needed them to live, they walked away from him. This is even more obvious of the problems faced today when looked at as if Willy represents all the older people in our society. The elderly are looked down upon, are thought to be crazy, and have their jobs, license and overall most rea l concessions, taken away for no reason other than age. We discriminate against people who should be our equals and treated with respect.Peer pressure, is not just something that effects school aged children on the playground. Adults are pressured every day by, family, friends, co- wrenchers into doing things that do not necessarily want to do. This is a tremendous problem in society because most of the time when people are doing something they do not want to do they are going to be upset. This feeling of being upset, usually leads to emotions that are more drastic such as being stressed and just completely lost and unhappy. Willys pressure on the Biff and Happy is the perfect example of this pressure to do things you usually would not do. Willy constantly says through out the play, the man who makesan appearance in the business world, the man who creates personal interest, is the man who gets ahead. Be liked and you will never want, this pressure to be well liked is what pushed Bi ff to neglect his school work and Happy to only care about pleasing woman and his father (30).Willy always pushed the boys to have and to be the greatest at everything they did. But in the end Willys pressure pushed the boys to make reckless decisions and made them feel like they could never do enough to please their father. Biff took to stealing and even admits that his fathers pressure got to him in Act 2 when he says, I never got anywhere because you blew me so full of hot air I could never stand taking orders from anybody (131). Pressure can sometimes be positive, like when it pressure pushes you to give your best effort, and sometimes negative, like when it causes you to conform excessively. As in the case of Happy, who by the end of the play, even after his father kills himself is determined to follow in Willys foot steps and even says, Its the only dream you can have to come out number-one man. He fought it out here, and this is where Im gonna win it for him (139).The bigges t complaint that is heard from adults about todays youth is the constant feeling of entitlement. Even when unjustified. Willys mentality on his life is a perfect example on teens unjustified feelings of entitlement in todays culture. In the scene where he goes to talk to Howard about his job, Willy says, You cant eat the orange and throw the peel away-a man is not a piece of fruit. (82). Willy feels that Howard (the son of the father who had at one time promised Willy that he would be rewarded for his service to the company) has gone back on the word of his father by forgetting the salesman in his golden years, throwing away the peel after feeding the orange, so to speak.But what Willy does not realize is that Howard owes him nothing, and neither did his father. Anything people do out of kindness is simply that, kindness. Students sometimes think that just because they received a good mark in a class that it will automatically be the same the next quarter, and arent always willin g to do the work needed to earn the grade. But what Willy and countless others dont realize is that no one is owed anything. During and argument Willy has with his son, Biff makes the comment, Pop Im a dime a dozen, and so are you This infuriates Willy who counterattacks, I am not a dime a dozen I am Willy Loman, and you areBiff Loman (132). Seen through Willy and people thought the world, entitlement is an illusion that blinds our work/life ethic and us.Death of a Salesman shows both family and societiatal conflicts however, these conflicts are definitely more powerful when looked at as societal problems .It forces you to evaluate the ethics and principles of the culture we live in. and how they eventually reflect the things we truly hold important. However the reflection is not just the problems, but also all the damage that results from making those the most valued things. Death of a Salesman is a disheartening play but it is an honest reflection of our society.BibliographyMiller , Arthur. Death of a Salesman. New York 1949. Print.

Review on Physics of the Impossible by Michio Kaku Essay

The most fresh volume that I experience read is Physics of the Impossible written by Michio Kaku. It seems like the author doesnt know the meaning of the word impossible, or rather, to be slightly more than accurate, he has redefined the term to enable him realistic exclusivelyy to examine and predict the future of science and technologies, from teleportation and time travel to robots and starships.Michio Kaku is an value theoretical physicist and one of the worlds leading authorities on string theory (essentially an endeavor to discover a theory of everything combining all of the known physical forces), and he also specialises in future science, having presented several television programmes on the topic. Kaku is well placed to try to imagine what developments might perchance occur in the fields of science and technology over the coming years, centuries, millennia and aeons.Handily, for those of us not well-known(prenominal) with the process of speculating on the future of physics, hes split his impossibilities into three categories. elucidate I impossibilities argon technologies which are impossible today, but dont violate the known laws of physics. Kaku reckons that these impossibilities including things such as teleportation and psychokinesis might be possible in sometime within the next couple of hundred years.Class II impossibilities such as time machines and hyperspace travel are at the very edge of our scientific understanding, and may take millions of years to become possible. And the trickiest of all, Class III impossibilities, are technologies which break the laws of physics as we know them. Surprisingly, there are very few of these, and Kaku only examines two, perpetual motion machines and precognition (seeing into the future).This moderate takes a serious look at the science behind all the crazy futuristic ideas that have been showing up in science fiction over the years. Indeed, there are so many an(prenominal) references to Star Tr ek and Star Wars scattered throughout this book, that you sometimes wonder if physicists just spend all their time watching old sci-fi re-runs and trying to work out how to recreate the technologies included in them. In some sense, this is an intriguing vision of our possible development over the forthcoming millennia, but at the akin time its also frustrating.After reading Kakus boundless enthusiasm for the future, what i wouldnt give for a real-life time machine to travel forwards and see just how accurate his predictions are. I enjoyed how Kaku presented his cases in terms of recent scientific and technological developments where possible, and for the most part he was a choke and engaging writer, able to explain some mind-boggling physics concepts in terms which are somewhat easy to grasp, especially when dealing with his Class I impossibilities in the earlier chapters.As the book progresses into more and more speculative territory, he is forced to rely less on using current investigate and development, and more on purely theoretical physics. After all that I can say that the book noticeably expanded my vocabulary and gave me some insight on just what can we expect from the future. I will defiantly try reading some other books by this author in my predictable future.

Values vs Ethics in Counselling Homosexual in Africa

VALUES VERSUS ETHICS IN pointing HOMOSEXUAL DONE BY SOUD TENGAH BA COUNSELLING MANCHESTER UNIVERSITY DATE NOVEMBER 2010 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Page Introduction 3 Definitions 3 argument of Homo cozy urge 4 Stages of Homosexuality 7 Counselling Homosexual 8 Conclusion 11 Bibliography 13 2 INTRODUCTION Homosexuality is an issue that has often been challenging to discusslors mainly due to lack of in depth selective information on the issues or ain set that majority of therapist accept pricey to themselves.Although charge services has been rendered to this cluster of mickle there be number of issues which nevertheless emerge as a conflict to several(prenominal) counsellors. Core of this essay is get wind to find answers for counsellors who struggle in commission human being due to their existing values versus counselling ethics. In addition this essay attempt to be given some of definitions on sexuality origin of transgenderity and stages of homosexuality. The es say will similarly give a personal conclusion on counselling homosexual in relation to individual values.DEFINITIONS Sexual taste perception tot up to the American psychological Association, (2008) sexual orientation is enduring and besides refers to a persons sense of personal and social identicalness on those attractions, behaviours expressing them, and membership in a community of others who shargon them. There ar three main classification of sexual orientation homosexual straight person and bisexual. Homosexuality An attraction to and familiarity with members of sensations feature sex, usually including sexual relations (Feltham & Dryden, 2004) Gay generally refers to male homosexuality, and sapphic refers scarce to female homosexuality (Sanders & Kroll, 2000).Heterosexual Is an enduring pattern of or disposition to experience sexual, askion, corporal or romantic attractions primarily to persons of the opposite sex (American Psychological Association, 2008). Sexu al orientation which unscathedness is attracted to concern with members of the opposite sex (Feltham & Dryden, 2004). 3 Bisexuality Bisexuality is sexual attitude and behaviour which is neither entirely straight person nor liquid ecstasyly homosexual. (Feltham & Dryden, 2004) Asexual People who gift a distinct but not exclusive p reference work for one sex over the other whitethorn also identify themselves as bisexual. Bogaert, 2006) Homophobia agree to Sanders and Kroll (2000) is an irrational fear, intolerance, or hatred of gay men and lesbians. Heterosexism Is defined as a be untruthf in the inherent superiority of one form of loving (male with female) over all others and thereby the right to ethnical dominance (Sanders & Kroll, 2000). ORIGIN OF HOMOSEXUALITY An indisputable and universal fact about humanity is that every-one owes their humans to the married couple surrounded by their father and mother. This forms the basis for the family, the social unit of society.Ho wever, homosexual behaviour also has been known to be present in some societies throughout history in varying spirit levels of prevalence. According to Hubbard, (1993) over the past times thirty years or so, such homosexuality behaviour has become increasingly mainstream and open. Varying theories that tolerate been proposed to explain the genesis of homosexuality. However, this essay will focus on brief description of four theories in order to demonstrate the different angles from which the topic has been tackled.Psychoanalysis theory According to Freud (1953) believed that all humans were innate(p) bisexual in nature, and from this state, as a result of restriction in one direction or the other, some(prenominal) heterosexualism and homosexuality developed. He also made the distinction between two types of homosexual (or invert) those who are like women, seeking masculine men, and others who seek feminine qualities in their partners. Some individuals whitethorn 4 display predom inantly one type of inversion or the other, whereas others might display a legitimate amount of both types of inversion. Different causal factors were therefore venture for the two.Freud realised that the aetiology of homosexuality was complex, and suspected that the choice between innate and acquired is not an exclusive one, or . . . it does not cover all the issues involved (Freud ,1953) In his teaching Freud, (1953) claimed that all homosexual men withdraw unresolved pre-oedipal conflicts, that is, they did not success richly negotiate the separation-individuation physical body of early childhood. In this way, early childhood stress ensues to obligatory, exclusive homosexuality, whereas stress in the later oedipal variant leads to partial, non-obligatory homosexuality.In 1973 the American Psychiatric Association decided to drop homosexuality (per se) from the diagnostic nomenclature. It should be notable that Freud himself had maintained that it is not scientifically feasi ble to draw a line of demarcation between what is psychically normal or abnormal so that the distinction, in spite of its practical importance, possesses besides a stately value. (Frediani, 2000) Many of the case studies described provoke looked for specific aspects in an individuals environment during development which can lead to adult homosexuality.Such reports have commonly put up one or more than of the following factors to be unusual in some respect in the childhood of homosexuals maternal(p) hopes before birth for a child of the other sex rockyies at birth slight anatomical differences between like correspond leading to a special attachment of one child or the other to their mother parental attitude toward the role of the individual child, disclosed through the naming of the child the position of the father in the family strength of the relationship between father and child competition for the affections of the mother and, a twinning reaction or mutual dependence be tween twins, especially noticeable in identical pairs (Frediani, 2000) Genetic theory According to Kallmann (1952), account a one hundred percent agreement in identical twins for homosexuality, and only twelve percent concordance in fraternal twins (identical twins result from a fertilised eggs splitting in half and each half continues to grow as an embryo.Thus, the identical twins have an identical genetic code. Fraternal twins do not have identical genetic codes as each twin arises from different fertilised eggs). Subsequent studies have failed to repeat Kallmans findings. Kallman later 5 himself postulated that this impressive concordance was an artefact due to the fact his sample was largely drawn from mentally ill, institutionalized patients (Kallaman, 1952). In summary, it is difficult to reach conclusions from twin studies published to date. Most studies have a small sample size and/or contain technical flaws in study design and methodology. Some studies suggest a genetic b asis, tour others do not.As Byne and Parsons (1993) what is intriguing in twin studies that have been published is the large proportion of identical twins that are discordant for homosexuality despite sharing not only their genes but also their prenatal and familial environments. Hormonal Studies There is also a popular belief that sexual preference is determined by hormone levels. Ellis and Ames (1987) have proposed gestational neurohormonal theory of human sexual orientation, which deals with the genesis of heterosexuality as strong as homosexuality. They propose that sexual orientation is primarily determined by the degree to which the nervous system is exposed to testosterone, estradiol, and to certain other sex hormones while neuro-organization is taking place, predominantly between the middle of the stake and the end of the fifth month of gestation.According to this theory, complex combinations of genetic, hormonal, neurological, and environmental factors operating anterio r to birth largely determine what an individuals (adult) sexual orientation will be. This theory makes umteen testable predictions, e. g. that homosexuality should primarily be a male phenomenon, that homosexuals should have high frequencies of other sexual inversions than heterosexuals, that relationships between parents and homosexual result may be strained and/or assume some cross-sex characteristics, and that homosexuality should reflect a satisfying degree of heritability (as hormone production and action is under significant genetic control). Such predictions seem to agree with previous enquiry and general intuitions regarding homosexuality.Support for the gestational neurohormonal theory includes a recent study (LeVay, 1991) which reported a difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men, although Ellis and Ames warn that some(prenominal) decades of intense, further research may be required to adequately test the theory. 6 Neuro-anatomic St udies In 1991, a report was published claiming that an area of the hypothalamus known as INAH3 is smaller in homosexual men and heterosexual women (LeVay, 1991). The report received immense media coverage. The study was conducted on brain tissues from cadavers Included were nineteen homosexuals, sixteen presumed heterosexual men, and six presumed heterosexual women. A number of factors make interpretation of the study difficult. Sexual histories were inadequate and a significant proportion of the subjects were presumed to have a certain orientation.All of the homosexuals died of AIDS, while only six of the presumed heterosexual men group died of AIDS. One can propose a hypothesis that the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) could affect brain tissue including the hypothalamus, and since reduced testosterone (a male hormone) has been documented to occur in patients with AIDS, this may be one of the mechanisms. Certain medications like antifungal administered for the treatment of infe ctions can affect the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, but inadequate medical information is supplied in the study. Heterosexuals with AIDS often receive inferior medical care than homosexuals with AIDS as they more often are intra-venous drug users.This may also affect the results of the study, as the heterosexuals with AIDS may have had a different disease course and died at an early stage of infection (Byne and Parsons, 1993). Moreover, the area of the hypothalamus in question was larger in some of the homosexuals than in many of the heterosexuals, and smaller in some of the heterosexuals than many of the homosexuals. Hence, one cannot determine someones sexual preferences by looking at his/her hypothalamus (Hubbard and Wald 1993). The claim that homosexuality is a biologically predetermined characteristic, and homosexuals are born that way stands on flimsy genetic, hormonal and neuroanatomic evidence.A logical and reproducible biologic difference has yet to be demonstrated (Demeter et al, 1988) STAGES OF HOMOSEXUALITY Stages of Homosexuality For counsellor who sexuality is an issue, understanding stages of homosexuality is even more important. Cass (1979) lists six stages that many homosexuals go through when dealing with their own sexual orientation. The basic model that Cass has proposed includes 7 ? individuation Confusion In this stage, individuals begin to wonder if they may be homosexual. They may consider the possibility, or reject it. If they choose to consider the possibility, they will move to the second stage. ? Identity Comparison Here, individuals may begin looking at others and comparing themselves to homosexuals and non homosexuals in the surrounding environment. At this point, individuals may make contact with another homosexual person. ?Identity Tolerance Individuals are becoming increasingly committed to the homosexual identity and may seek out more and more homosexual contacts. The self-image is still one of merely tolerating the homose xuality, rather than embracing it. ? Identity Acceptance At this point, a more despotic view of homosexuality begins to develop. Individuals may feel they fit into the homosexual society. However, they will generally attempt to realise for heterosexual, and self-disclosure will be limited. ? Identity Pride Individuals in this stage characteristically feel a groovy deal of pride about their homosexuality. They will identify strongly with other homosexuals and feel anger at the way society treats homosexuals as a whole.They are often very conspicuous in their sexuality. ? Identity Synthesis Finally, the influence of positive non homosexuals helps individuals become aware that all heterosexuals are not bad. At this point, they may feel settled in to their identity, neither ashamed of it nor needing to flaunt it. (Cass, 1984). COUNSELLING HOMOSEXUAL Ethical and look upon Issues It will be a suicidal to this essay, to focus on ethics versus values in counselling a homosexual and n ot focus on religion. From a historical perspective, religion has been in existence as massive as civilization. For many centuries, it was central to the function of society, in day to day, as well as political life.Religion invokes a feeling of respect of something greater than yourself, which is central in channelize your life. Sample the two largest religion globally, Christianity and Islam on the beliefs they hold on homosexual (Harvey, 2000). Christianity believes Leviticus. 1822, You shall not lie with a male as one lies with a female it is an abomination. 8 1 Leviticus. 2013, If there is a man who lies with a male as those who lie with a woman, both of them have committed a detestable act they shall surely be put to death. Their blood guiltiness is upon them 1 Corinthians. 69-10, Or do you not know that the unrighteous shall not inherit the kingdom of paragon?Do not be deceived neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor effeminate, nor homosexuals, nor thie ves, nor the covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor swindlers, shall inherit the kingdom of God. While the Muslim faith believes We also sent Lut He said to his mess Do ye commit lewdness such as no people in creation (ever) committed before you? For ye practice your lusts on men in preference to women ye are indeed a people transgressing beyond bounds. Quran 780-81 What Of all creatures do ye come unto the males, and leave the wives your headmaster created for you? Nay, but ye are forward folk. Quran 26165 The Prophet (saws) saidMay Allah curse him who does that Lots people did. (Ibn Hibban, authentic) Religious and pagan beliefs, for many represent deeply held convictions about choice and approaches to life that go beyond simple preferences. These beliefs reflect value sets that are at the core of ones being, and the fear that the higher authority is key to determining how a persons life turns out, it is also cause for concern in doing anything against the principle s hardened by the set of beliefs that a person is following. Being brought up in a Muslim family background, where Islamic teachings and values are practiced, and modelled in the teachings that carry over weight to secular institutions, I have found it difficult for me to downplay the teaching of Islamic religion on homosexuality.I wonder, am I to be valueless as counsellors at the same time try to empower leaf nodes to develop and practice values of their choice as long as there is no harm to self or others? For long I have been struggling to counsel a client who subscribe to homosexual as his sexual orientation. Am also not sure for how long will I be referring clients who are homosexual or is it estimable right to keep on refer homosexual on the basis of foreign with my values? 9 Working with lesbian and gay men often presents a challenge to counsellors who hold traditional values. Even counsellors who accept same-sex relationships intellectually may reject them emotionally. Counsellors who have negative reactions to homosexual are more likely to impose their own values (Buhrke & Douce 1991).However the ethical codes of American Counselling Association(ACA), American Psychological Association (APA)and National Association of Social Workers(NASW) clearly states that discrimination on the basis of nonage status-be it race, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation is unethical and acceptable (Buhrke & Douce 1991) While am still pondering in my role as a counsellor, actively attempt to understand the origin of homosexuality, stages in involves and diverse cultural backgrounds of the clients I serve. Of course, counsellors can, and should, seek to understand all forms of diversity. However, there is a difference between understanding and agreeing with something or someone. If counsellors convictions leave them disagreeing with the basic beliefs of their clients to the point where being remediation is in question, then should they neutralize these relation ships? To disregard ones religious influences would be demonstrating a lack of self respect the very thing counsellors try to help clients maintain and build upon? Am also wondering whether a given counsellor should counsel any and every client? I tend to believe we all have biases.Sometimes a personal bias, religious or otherwise, would prevent a counsellor from providing the high quality, neutral service that fully respects the client and the clients right to selfdetermination. In my opinion to demand that counsellors always be neutral regardless of their biases and convictions is to demand superhuman abilities. According to Hermann and Herlihy (2006) justice involves awareness of counsellors own values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours and avoid peremptory values that are inconsistent with the counselling goals. It is also noted in the ACA codes that another way for counsellors to both avoid imposing values and to respect client diversity is to make appropriate referrals if n ecessary.The Code addresses this by stating that if counsellors determine an inability to be of schoolmaster assistance to clients, they avoid entering or continuing professional relationships (ACA, 2005, A. 11. b). If counsellors discover conflicts in values that are likely to cause harm to clients or hinder their therapeutic effectiveness, then they should terminate the counselling relationship when it becomes 10 reasonably apparent that the client no long-range needs assistance, is not likely to benefit, or is being harmed by continued counselling (ACA, 2005, A. 11. c). In reference to ACA (2005) Beneficence is the primary responsibility of counsellors to respect the dignity and to promote the welfare of clients.Nonmaleficence means avoiding doing harm, which includes refraining from actions that risk hurting clients, either intentionally or unintentionally. While Autonomy entails acknowledging the right of another to choose and act in accordance with his or her wishes and the professional behaves in a way that enables this right of another person. Despite the codes vehemence on, counsellors awareness of the intimacy responsibilities inherent in the counselling relationship, maintain respect for clients, and avoid actions that seek to meet their personal needs at the expense of clients. However one will only respect the dignity and promote the welfare f clients when we are aware of our own limitations not when we obliterate our own values. What is truly important is that we treat everyone with respect and understanding, even those with whom we may not agree. That is the spirit roll in the hay the Code. However, to treat with respect by counselling clients with whom our values conflict would increase the likelihood of our doing harm. Yet, Hermann and Herlihy cite Remley and Herlihy (2005) when stating that if a counsellors values were so strong that he or she could not counsel clients with differing beliefs, we would be concerned that the counsellor is not well-suited for the counselling profession.However such generalization is likely to stir many counsellors including myself from the profession who could otherwise be competent with many populations rather than forcing them to suppress their religious beliefs lest they be accused of being judgmental. Conclusion In writing this essay I studied both schools of plan in-depth, on the origin of homosexuality and religious values that some counsellors subscribed to and I firmly think that, there is no clear evidence yet as to origin of homosexuality. While I am not neglecting existing theories, I feel the main concern as a practising counsellor would to focus on self awareness and respect to others without losing his own identity or values. 11 Finally, in my research for this essay I tend to agree with the following recommendations by Feltham & Horton, (2000) for counsellors unable to compromise their religiously establish moral values.Training workshops, which include didactic pre sentation about lesbian, gay and bisexual psychology including the versatile models of coming out own(prenominal) therapy and self awareness work to explore some of the histories in some depth, with therapists who have themselves done the required work supervision with lesbian, gay and bisexual therapist on client work. Spending time with lesbian, gay and bisexual people at work and in recreation Personal contacts through genuine friendships have been demonstrated to be powerful ways of changing opinions and behaviours. (Although this could certainly be understood as replacing one set of values with another) 12 Reference ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? American Psychological Association. http//www. apa. org/topics/sorientation. htmlwhatis. Retrieved 2008-08-12 Bogaert, Anthony F. (2006) Toward conceptual understanding of asexuality. Review of General Psychology 10 (3) 241250. Byne, W. and Parsons, B. (1993) Human Sexual preference.The biologic Theories Reappraised, Arch Gen Psyc hiatry, vol 50, March 1993. pp 228-239. C, Feltham. and I, Horton. (2000) Handbook of Counselling and Psychotherapy. London Sage C, Feltham. and W, Dryden. (2004) Dictionary of Counselling, (2nd Ed). London Whurr Publishers Cass, V. (1979) Homosexual identity formation. A theoretical model. diary of Homosexuality, 4 (3), 219-235. Cass, V. (1984) Homosexual identity formation. Testing a theoretical model. Journal of Homosexuality, 20 (2), 143-167. Demeter 5, Ringo J. and Doty R. (1988) Morohometric Analysis of the Human Corpus Collosum and the Anterior Commissure. Human Neurobiology 1988. 6219-226 Ellis, L. and Ames, M. A. 1987) Neurohormonal Functioning and Sexual Orientation A Theory of Homosexuality Heterosexuality Psychol Bull. 1987101233-258 Frediani, J. A. (2000). Sexuality and our faith A companion to our whole lives for adults. Boston Unitarian Universalist Association. Freud, S. (1953). Three essays on the theory of sexuality. London Hogarth Press Freud, S. (1962). Three e ssays on the theory of sexuality. New York Basic Books Harvey, Graham. (2000) Indigenous Religions A Companion. (Ed Graham Harvey). London and New York Cassell. Hermann, M. A. , & Herlihy, B. R. (2006) Legal and ethical implications of refusing to counsel homosexual clients. Journal of Counselling & Development, 84, 414-418.Hubbard, R. Wald, E. (1993) Exploding the Gene Myth. Boston. Beacon Press Kallmann, F. (1952) Comparative Twin flying field on the Genetic Aspects of Male Homosexuality J Nerv Ment Dis. 1952. 115283-298. 13 ? ? ? LeVay, S. (1991) A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure Between Heterosexual and Homosexual Men Science 19912531034-1037 Robin, A. Buhrke. and Louise, A. Douce. (1991) Training Issues for Counseling Psychologists in Working with Lesbian Women and Gay Men. London Sage Sanders, G. L. &Kroll, I. T. (2000) Generating stories of resilience Helping gay and lesbian offspring and their families. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 26, 433-442. 14

Poverty no longer exists in Britain today

in that location is an argument that meagerness no yearlong exists in Britain today. Many peck would say that the days when good deal conkd from lack of food, shelter or clean water ended, in this country, with the introduction of the welfare state (Chinn, 1995). Poverty, however, cornerst iodin be defined in dickens counselings and depending on which definition one chooses to employ, it squirt be contested whether the balance of evidence shows that poverty actually does exist or non.In this piece of wee-wee it will be argued that poverty does affect many race in our society and the lack of resources of poorer masses in society is at the root of inequalities in wellness. Further more than it will be shown that the discrepancy in the midst of the standards of living that better off people in society enjoy and the standards of living that poorer people meet can be something that is very difficult to alter. In conclusion on that point will be a discussion on the role th at friendly care professionals may play in trying to deoxidise the negative make suffered by some people as a result of poverty.The first of the two identified forms of poverty is compulsory or subsistence level poverty (Thompson and Priestly, 1996 207). Income falls below a manage level so that a person does not have the means to be able to absolute the basic necessities for living, in wrong of food, drink, shelter and clothing. Stephens et al (1998) argue that for some people in society, want rough sleepers, poverty in absolute terms is very real and that when older people die from hyp separatemia because they cant afford to heat their homes adequately it is as a result of absolute poverty.Poverty in this reason however has certainly diminished since the advent of the Welfare State. The second definition of poverty, relational poverty, is defined in terms of a reasonable standard of living generally expected by the society in which a person lives. It identifies needs as more than basic biological requirements, taking into account social and emotional needs. It is besides about being excluded from taking part in activities which are widely undertaken by the rest of society.In terms of resources, relative poverty is a higher standard of living than absolute poverty merely it could be argued that many things that are not strictly essential for life nevertheless could be deemed as necessities by society in general. Thus whether you adhere to an absolutist or relativist definition of it, it is clear that in that location are certain people in society who suffer from poverty. Modern interrogation into poverty combines both(prenominal) classifications.Stevens et al (1988 266) maintain its important to capitalise on the advantages of both definitions. There have been several pieces of well-documented question into health inequalities, both by successive governments and independent bodies, for example, The Black Report in 1980 Margaret Whiteheads The health divide in 1987 (Stephens et al, 1998) and around recently the Acheson Report in 1998. This research underlines the correlation between poverty and ill health and the disparity that exists, depending on social class.Measurements and comparisons are make in terms of morbidity and in terms of mortality. Research shows that if a person is born into poverty his/her chances of suffering ill health and a weakened life span are greater than if he/she was born into prosperity. Some of the most recent research has shown, for example that nestlingren in social class five (where five represents the least well off and one represents the most well off) are five times as wantly to suffer accidental dying than their peers from social class one (Roberts I. Power C, 1996). Further studies show that a baby boy from social class one can be expected to live for more than nine years longer than a baby boy from social class five (Office for National Statistics, 1998). The British Medical diar y (1999) states Social class differences in health are seen at all ages, with lower socio-economic groups having the greater incidence of heart disease, stroke and some cancers. The rate of pre-natal mortality is higher for women from lower socio-economic groups.A poorer person is more likely to die in infancy, more likely to suffer ill health, as a child and as an adult, and more likely to die prematurely than someone who has greater access to resources. It has been stated that the most significant factor affecting health in poverty is the fact that poor people are denied access to possessions and go that are available to their better-off peers (Moore, 1997). This could include preventative medicine, early treatment when sick, a healthy diet, access to conceal fit leisure activities.Other factors which could have a detrimental effect on poorer people could include things like poorly maintained housing, stress related illness and smoking, which is more prevalent among lower income groups (Office for National Statistics, 1998). Explanations for poverty tend to fall into two categories. There are individualistic explanations for poverty. That people who are in relative poverty are so because they are in some way lazy, irresponsible or feckless and they could answer themselves to escape poverty if they really wanted to.Some people vocalise this way of thinking by, for example, telltale(a) the unemployed to get on their bikes and find work. This type of argument can, and often is, applied to any inappropriate or wasteful use of resources for example, by criticising people for wanting to dress their children in more expensive clothes, or by condemning women for the number of children they choose to have. Another common reaction when confronted with arguments about poverty is to be reproachful when someone chooses to smoke instead of spending their money wisely.These arguments however fail to take into account the way that society is structured and the effects that this has on peoples life chances. There is an element of victim blaming and consideration is not given to the fact that some people have far more power than others to alter aspects of their lives. Structural, as opposed to individualistic, explanations focus on the political, economic and material environment in which people find themselves (Howe, 1997 173). A person who is born into poverty is more likely to stay poor and their children are likely to be poor.In this way a life or poverty can be a self-perpetuating bicycle of deprivation which people have very little power to change. This deprivation is exacerbated by the fact that it can be combined with other inequalities, such(prenominal) as those based on gender, ethnicity, and age. The fact that some people suffer from multiple disadvantages is attributable to structural inequality, which is inherent in our society. Anatole France wrote The law, in its majestic equality, forbids the rich as well as the poor to sleep under bridges, to beg in the streets, and to steal bread. France (1894). Clearly there is no need for wealthier people to sleep under bridges whereas there may be a acknowledgment or even a necessity for a homeless person to do it. The concept of a society where everyone has the same opportunities and all are equal is a fallacy when viewed from a structural perspective. This does not however mean that people are absolutely powerless to help themselves and assumptions should not be do that because someone is in poverty they will necessarily need the help of social care professionals. concourse can often make changes to make their lives better, to suggest otherwise would be to disempower people. Social care professionals should be aware of the effects of poverty and the relative powerlessness of some people but not to such an extent that the power dissymmetry is made greater by the workers inability to treat the lymph gland as an individual. Anti-oppressive practice is a form of social work that addresses social divisions and structural inequalities by responding to peoples needs unheeding of their social states Dominelli (1993).This argument is further developed by Dalrymple and Burke (1995) when they talk about giving the client access to records so that any information is shared. Ensuring inclusion and consultation can lessen the power imbalance between social care worker and client. Government policy is geared to combating inequalities, in light of the findings of the Acheson Report. In particular it recognises the needs of those who may have multiple disadvantages, for example women, children, people with disabilities, older people and people from ethnic minority groups.Social care workers should have an awareness of combined inequalities and should have a lading to reduce them. Many social workers invest considerable efforts to maximise the welfare benefits of their clients and search through kindly resources to alleviate some of their acute hardships ( Jones, 1997 121). Social care workers can work in partnership with other agencies to ensure that they refer people to organisations who are able to help, when it is not within the social carers remit.For example, referrals could be made to agencies who advise on health matters, or work to increase benefits, or help people tush into work, or give advice on housing matters. The best way to get rid of poverty absolute or relative is to forge a more genuinely equal society Stephens et al (1998 258). This is something that is beyond the capabilities of any one profession. In conclusion, social care workers can help to reduce the negative effects of poverty to a certain extent but, for any major improvements to be made, there needs to be a radical change (through governmental policy) in the distribution of both power and wealth.

The Relationships Between Human Health and Agriculture

Spedding (1988) defines farming as an activity (of Man), carried come out of the closet primarily to produce food and fibre (and fuel, as healthful as many other materials) by the deliberate and control conduct map of ( mainly terrestrial) plants and animals1. Inherent in this definition is the importance of agriculture and its pertain on the lives of sanitary(p)-nigh altogether human race bes around the macrocosm. Through their ability to control and cultivate whole biological systems for their throw purposes and selection, agriculture can be regarded as one of the about revolutionary and distinguishing aspects of mankind.Read also sextette Di custodysions of Health WorksheetIn this panache, it is also directly linked to human well-being, and one can explore the way advances in the two domains affect one another, building up to an almost symbiotic relationship in the midst of human health and agriculture. Even with a cursory thought, there is a significant link amidst agriculture and human health. Raeburn insists that the main contri exclusivelyion to human welfare is food, and that mankind depends on almost all supplies on agriculture2.Indeed, humans as heterotrophic organisms are dependent on the intake and digestion of complete substances as a source of energy, required for maintaining basic metabolic activities as well as providing chemical energy. These organic substances are what we commonly refer to as food, but also essential are the various by-products of agriculture, the main ones being food, fibre, and raw materials for industrial usance3 used in our bothday lives to increase our pouffe (e. g. otton and wool used for the production of warm clothes). The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and feely well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity4. This definition allows us to tackle the relate of agriculture on human health from a number of different perspe ctives. Undoubtedly, the most significant bucolic products contributing to the absence of infirmity or illness in human beings are alimentary products.Read this Ch. 22 Respiratory SystemThe increases, vegetables, cereals, nuts, core, milk, produced by cultivation, contain vitamins and minerals as well as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, which are indispensable to maintain a healthy, functioning organism. For example, Vitamin C and E (mainly demonstrate in fruits and vegetables) act as powerful antioxidants, protecting cells from foreign toxins and pollutants, as well as cancer-causing agents. Calcium, commodious in dairy products and some green leafy vegetables, is responsible for strong bones and teeth, as well as helping nerve conduction and muscle contraction.They provide a source of fibre as well, which lowers blood cholesterol levels and is believed to prevent sealed forms of colon cancer. Of these micronutrients, a majority are not normally produced by our bodies, he nce they must be acquired through diet. According to a recent report from the FAO/WHO knowing Report on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, most universes are calm d let falling picayune of the recommended intake of fruits and vegetables.An estimated 2. 7 million people die each y auricle from the risks related to low fruit and vegetable intake5. Low fruit and vegetable intake also affects ones risks of being affected by Non patrimonial Diseases (NCDs), such(prenominal) as weakened immune systems, type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases and various cancers. The total world population has grown from just under 2 billion to about 6. 2 billion in a mere century6.Read also Intro to Public Relations NotesThis is attributed in part to certain technological innovations in the sylvan domain during the 1950s, collectively referred to as The Green Revolution, Through employment of high- retort crops, irrigation and controlled water supply, and fertilizers and pesticides, the world is producing much(prenominal) food than ever before, mainly by maximizing the output from every hectare of soil. Major arable crops such as rice, wheat, and corn shed been experimented on, for they germinate earlier and grow quicker, allowing the product of two or three crops a year.New varieties are ever being developed, which have led up to a 30% increase in maximum yield, as well as more resistant varieties of crops (e. g. wheat which has become resistant to rust and mildew). Chickens and pigs yield twice as much meat and dairy cows twice as much milk as they did 60 years ago, argues Lomborg. An change magnitude interest in irrigation and water control has allowed drier areas to cultivate their fair share of crops, as well as increasing soil natality in some areas of the world and increase the harvesting opportunities.Indeed, irrigated contribute makes up only 18% of the worlds total agricultural landmass, but contributes to 40% of the Earths foo d7. Fertilizers and pesticides have also turn out indispensable for plant growth and warding off disease-causing insects. The Green Revolution is provides evidence of the positive contribution of agriculture to human health and welfare food quantity and tint produced have increased, making it feasible for the agricultural domain to keep up with the nutritional needs of a rapidly increasing population. A more tragic example of human dependency on proper agricultural methods is the Irish Potato afflict of 1845 to1847.Whitlock (1965) describes how the popularity of potatoes as a farm crop, after having found their way to Ireland originally from South America through Spain, started to increase, for it was a cheap crop perfectly suited to the needs of a newly urbanized population. Consequently, the Irish population rose from 1 500 000 to 4 000 000 habitants in the course of the eighteenth century. However, the working class over-dependency on a potato-based diet resulted in the severe famine that followed the widespread infection of the potato crops by the fungus kingdom Phytophthera infestans.The severe famine over the following years and caused a decline of about 1 622 739 Irish citizens between 1841 and 1851 due to the destruction of the staple food supply of the Irish. The physical and social well being of humans is affected by agriculture both at the consumer level, as well as that of the farmers themselves. Farmers and their families represent numerous risks working at the farm, such as zoonoses, overexposure to chemical substances, hearing harm, as well as dangers on the farm.Consumers on the other hand, face more indirect risks of chemical residues and quality of food produced. Farmers may be exposed to zoonoses, diseases transferable from animals to humans. These diseases have captured societys attention often over the course of the past a few(prenominal) years, mostly due to notorious examples such as the human variant of BSE (bovine spongioform en cephalopathy), the Creutzfield-Jacob disease, even though in the period of 1981-85 they contributed to only 4% of all fatal accidents in agriculture8.Examples also intromit Farmers Lung, a respiratory condition caused by inhalation of fungal spores from mouldy feed or litter, responsible for an sensitised reaction in the alveoli and breathing difficulties. Other dangers of normal farm labour include risks of physical combat injury when working with complicated equipment, like tractors. In 1981-85, about 30% of fatal accidents in agriculture were caused by self-propelled machines, and a further 13% by other field machines9. In addition, hearing loss or permanent ringing may occur if working in a tractor for massive periods of time without ear protection, for the normal noise level is about 95-105 dB.Possibly, labouring in the agricultural sector is much tougher than most careers in the service sector, contributing to a higher risk of physical exhaustion and stress, as well as tec hnical risks from different machines. Farmers also risk suffering from depression and marginalization, as well as large differences in income. The number of farmers has decreased dramatically over the last century, and it in this way that social exclusion and depression may threaten farmers, especially in the developed countries where the proportion of working population employed in agriculture makes up only around 3%10, and decreasing constantly.Risks for the potential consumer include exposure to chemical residues, mostly from herbicides and pesticides used in the production. After the initial enthusiasm following the achiever of increased use of fertilizers and pesticides during the Green Revolution, internationally accepted quality standards have been set up in attempt to minimize health hazards of pesticide use, such as the WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES).Some famous examples of potentially toxic chemicals are DDT and paraquat. DDT, a neurotoxic, has been associated w ith serious damage to the CNS, as well as procreative abnormalities, in both humans and other organisms. An investigation carried out on a group of men in close contact with DDT at work showed that they appeared to have a decreased fertility rate in addition, a higher rate of stillbirths, neonatal deaths, and congenital effects were prevalent amongst their offspring11.Indeed, the use of DDT was banned in 1972 in the USA, due to excessive use and its persistence in the surroundings and fatty tissues in humans and other animals. Paraquat, an organochlorine herbicide, is admitted to be generally safe provided certain precautions are taken, but at the same time it is considered to be highly toxic. Its effects can be quite hazardous, from lung scarring, kidney and heart failure, and carcinogenic risks in the long run, as well as skin irritation, nosebleeds, and eye injury resulting from non-lethal long term exposure.As is the case with many pesticide residues, when consumers are exposed to minute amounts of the substance over a long time period, the chronic effects may have quite a devastating impact on not only human health, but that of other organisms and the environment too. However, it seems reasonable to say that their use in the recent decades has greatly increased yields of the major crops like corn, wheat, and rice, contributing to an increase in the fair daily calorie intake of populations, especially in developing countries12.It may be that usage of pesticides and herbicides proves to be more beneficial than evil to the human population in the long run, for an increase in yield contributes to a decrease in price of fruit and vegetable produce, essential to our health as we have seen in the previous paragraphs. Lomborg (2001) points out that carsinogenic properties of various pesticides and chemicals have been greatly exaggerated by the press, given that in reality, deaths from pesticide-originating cancers have been found to be less than 1% of all canc er-derived deaths.The last century has seen mankind diabolical with many inventions and technological advances which have allowed him to even further manipulate and control the world and mechanisms surrounding him. The agricultural domain has also had its fair share of innovations, which have allowed it to become more efficient, more intensive, and more productive. These advances, such as the development of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and machinery to improve crop yields, appear beneficial to agricultural production, promoting both quality and quantity of food produced.Worries over human health have also reached the point where agriculture is constantly being driven to more intense measures and inventions to increase yield and quality to the products. However, new as these techniques are, their entire impacts on human health cannot yet be fully assessed. Most techniques affect us rigorously through the food we choose to eat, but some may also involve by-products which are harmful to the environment, thus indirectly affecting our health, as well as that of other organisms and the environment.Thus, we can say that the impact of agriculture on human health is significant. The varied, and often direct relationships that exist between agriculture and our welfare demonstrate to what extent it is present in different areas our everyday lives. Each and every human being on the planet is somehow affected by agriculture, for its main contribution is food, indispensable for our health and survival (not to forget other important raw materials).Through the evolution of cultivating land into a wholly create form of profit-making business, the 20th century has seen the development of agribusiness. We can even consider the relationship between human health and agriculture as being a symbiotic one, where human health works as a guiding force of agricultural innovations, while problems encountered with certain agricultural techniques, methods, and products result in a continuous quest for new solutions to improve the state of human health and agriculture overall.Albeit much submit into human welfare and how to further increase it through output of improved food materials, numerous controversies still exist as to whether too much importance is being attributed to purely human interests, in the dictate of more global and environmental ones. Humans must find a compromise between their own welfare interests and those of animal welfare and environmental problems if the expansion and popularity of agricultural innovations is to continue in the future.

Hijab and Islam Essay

There atomic number 18 so many another(prenominal) topics in Islam that enamour me but the one that always inquires my desire to learn more is the topic of wowork force and Hijab. There be many views with regard to Hijab in Islam from the Islamics themselves. The issue of Hijab can be analyzed from several perspectives. Firstly, the Islamic view on Hijab, the importance and benefits to society at large and the world view of Hijab and the women vesture Hijab living in the westbound hemisphere. However, nearly Muslim women believe that the withstanding of the Hijab is the refine and the choice of the Muslim woman. They ar not agonistic or pressured to have on a veil and they argon not laboured to cover their hair when they are around men that are not their Mahrrams (men that they are able to marry).Muslim women believe that Allah has ordered all(prenominal)(prenominal) young-bearing(prenominal)s after the age of puberty to discover the Hijab and that it is an obligat ion from the Lord. As any other obligation in Islam such as praying five times a day, fasting in the month of Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca, wearing the Hijab to a fault is compulsory on all women. There are no excuses or allowances for certain women to wear or not to wear. The issue of choice is not entertained by these Muslim feminists. Sometimes what happens is that when a woman decides to wear the Hijab, at that place are members in the family that disagree. The main reason for disagreeing is the fact that these family members feel that these women allow be tormented in society and that they will not find a skinny business enterprise or husband. Little do these ignorant people know. I say to them, please have assurance in the All Merciful and All Knower, he will take care of those that strive to take hold of closer to him. Allah enjoins on His believers tasks that He knows are not beyond their capacity and endurance.He knows that a unanimous and dedicated Muslim woman will put all her effort in trying to wear the Hijab and will try and support herself in this wonderful religious act that she alone chose for the only subroutine of pleasing her Lord. Every Muslim woman wearing or starting to wear the Hijab should equip herself with the right in gaination in order to answer to inquisitive questions from non-Muslims. Often times many Muslim sisters in Islam are not properly encouraged once they begin to observe the requirements of Hijab. It may be that a sister has been obliged to wear the Hijab without truly pondering over its superiority.Perhaps she has reached the age of puberty and her Wali (guardian) has instructed her to wear it. Perhaps she hasrecently reverted to the Islamic religion and her Muslim friends have informed her of the importance of Hijab or plane more common is perhaps her husband has commanded her to wear Hijab. What ever the issue or reason git this endeavor, a Muslim woman who does not truly know the superiority of Hijab will a lways keep jealous of the women of the Kuffar. Why? Because they see these misguided women looking beautiful for all to see.Hence, the Muslim woman then(prenominal) compares herself to that woman which causes her to feel ashamed of her own Hijab. Therefore, Muslim women need to encourage each other and remind each other that they are indeed beautiful and above all protected from the evil eye of the Non-Muslims and particularly the men. These Muslim women need to remember that they are struggling but that they are beautiful and Allah will reward them in this world and also more importantly in the Hereafter.However, to the West, the Muslim women wearing Hijab, to them, is a sign of oppression. The West believes that the religion is forcing the women to lose their identity and their independency by having them cover up and robe modestly and attractively. But we, as Muslims, say that the women are liberated and gain even more independence by wearing the Hijab and by respecting thei r religious duties. Women in Islam can work, study, start a business and put to death or engage in any work or leisure activity while beauti fully dressed in her Hijab. Therefore, Muslims dont need pity from any one they dont need understanding or a should to cry on simply because they are independent, happy, strong women that chose to take note the teachings of their religion.Because of this decision, the non-Muslims should at least respect that more in these women and give them credit of being steadfast and determined. To come along the overall well being of the Muslim woman, some contemporary educators and scholars such as Qasim Amin, a pro-Western Egyptian journalist, lawyer, and politician in the last century wanted to bring Egyptian society from a offer of backwardness into a state of civilization and modernity. He strongly objected to the hijab. He said that it is because of the Hijab that Muslim women are ignorant, superstitious, anemia and even premature aging of the M uslim women. He believed women should get away from this backward form of living and die modernized by removing the hijab and conforming to society at large.Heinsisted as much on the womans right to mobility outside the home as he did on the variation of shari Islamic garb, which would leave a womans face and hands uncovered. Womens domesticated seclusion and the face veil, then, were primary points in Amins attack on what was wrong with the Egyptian societal system of his time. Muhammad Abdu tried to restore the dignity to Muslim woman by way of educational and some legal reforms, the modernist blueprint of womens Islamic rights eventually also included the right to work, vote, and stand for election-that is, full participation in public life.He separated the forever-valid-as-stipulated laws of ibadat (religious observances) from the more time-specific muamalat (social transactions) in Quran and sharia, which latter included the hadith as one of its sources. Because modern Isla mic societies differ from the seventh-century umma, time-specific laws are thus no longer literally applicable but need a fresh legal interpretation (ijtihad). What matters is to safeguard the public good (al-maslah al-amma) in terms of Muslim communal morality and spirituality.Shaykh Muhammad al-Ghazali in his book Sunna amid Fiqh and Hadith said that those who claim that womens reform is conditioned by wearing the veil are lying to deity and his vaticinator. He expresses the opinion that the contemptuous view of women has been passed on from the first jahiliya (the Pre-Islamic period) to the Islamic society. Al-Ghazalis argument is that Islam has made it compulsory on women not to cover their faces during the pilgrimage and prayers, the two important pillars of Islam. If women in these two very important rituals do not cover their faces, then how is it that they are to do so for other mundane things?He went on to say that all the aspects of Islam that emphasizes that women stay home and not be part of society are the remains of the time of ignorance or Asr Al-Jahiliya. Al-Ghazali says that during the time of the Prophet women were equals at home, in the mosques and on the battlefield. Today true Islam is being destroyed in the name of Islam. Another Muslim scholar, Abd al-Halim Abu Shiqa wrote a scholarly study of women in Islam entitled Tahrir al-maraa fi asr al-risalah (The Emancipation of Women during the Time of the Prophet). In his study, Abu Shiqa agrees with al-Ghazali about the variation between the status of women during the time of the Prophet Muhammad and the statusof women today.He says that Islamists have made up sayings which they attributed to the Prophet such as women are lacking two intellect and religion and in many cases they brought sayings, which are not reliable at all and promoted them among Muslims until they became part of the Islamic culture. Abu Shiqa also commented that in many ordinal world countries, sayings of the Prophet are fabricated in order to provide support and evidence that are important to that particular society. He argues that it is the Islamic duty of women to participate in public life and in spreading good (Sura Tauba, Aya 71). He also agrees with Zin al-Din and Ghazali that hijab was for the wives of the Prophet and that it was against Islam for women to imitate the wives of the Prophet.If women were to be totally covered, why did God ask both men and women to lower their gaze? (Sura al-Nur, Ayath 30-31). Islam is a religion that believes in fairness and justice. Islam does not only look at women as the ones that need to be protected, but Islam makes it compulsory that the men also lower their gaze when walking near Muslim women that are not their mahrams. This also enjoins on the men to respect the women and to treat them with dignity and respect. Islams desire is to protect women from bad situations such as female infanticide, unlimited polygamy etc and to uphold the dignity and resp ect for the Muslim woman.However the main purpose is to establish the compare of man and woman in the sight of God who created them both in like manner, from like substance, and gave to both the equal right to develop their own potentialities. Thus Islam is a religion that wants all the Muslims, men and women, to become free, rational people. Thus the Quran liberated the women from the indignity of being sex objects into persons. In turn the Quran asks the women that they should behave with dignity and decorousness befitting a secure, Self-respecting and self-aware human being rather than an insecure female who snarl that her survival depends on her ability to attract or cajole those men who were interested not in her personality but only in her informality.One of the verses in the Quran protects a womans native rights. Aya 59 from Sura al-Ahzab reads O Prophet Tell Thy wives And daughters, and the Believing women, that They should cast their Outer garments over Their Persons ( when outside) That they should be known (As such) and not Molested. Although this verse is directed in the first place to the Prophets wives and daughters, there is a reference also to the accept women hence it is generally understood by Muslim societies as applying to all Muslim women.According to the Quran the reason why Muslim women should wear an outer garment when passing out of their houses is so that they may be recognized as believing Muslim women and differentiated from streetwalkers for whom sexual harassment is an occupational hazard. The purpose of this verse was not to confine women to their houses but to make it safe for them to go about their daily business without attracting unwholesome attention. By wearing the outer garment a believing Muslim woman could be distinguished from the others.In societies where there is no danger of believing Muslim being confused with the others or in which the outer garment is unable to function as a mark of identification for believi ng Muslim women, the mere wearing of the outer garment would not follow up the true objective of the Quranic decree. In conclusion, it is very clear that Islam is a religion of just, peace and fairness to all the believers. Hijab in Islam is compulsory and is required for all women after the age of puberty. It is a scarf or manoeuvre gear that is a symbol of Islam but is also a symbol, to Muslim women, of independence, respect and freedom to await in any society. Islam places women on a pedestal and protects their rights and position in Islam. Women are not forced to cover nor are they second-class citizens in Islam. However, Muslims associate the hijab with all that is positive, strong and respectful.