IT Management Essay

Database oversight is an in-chief(postnominal) aspect of every red-brick face given the massive growth of info volumes as a result of regulations on data sto ire as wholesome as the increase in transactions and communication channels. This paper presents issues arising throw the task of managing development through its lifecycle specifically for companies based on PeopleSoft, SAP, Siebel, CRM, prophet E- fear suite, supplier relationship concern (SRM) or ERP applications which ar increasingly beingness affected by expanding data volumes inside them.The article brings into perspective, ILM which seeks to optimize on data by employing exploites, policies tools and practices essential in linking the informations bank line value with the most follow effective and appropriate IT forms from its conception to the fourth dimension its disposed. While the composeized processes of defining, managing and storing data lack emphasis on its commission, ILM provides a solution f or effectively managing organization data applications.It is imperative to emphasize on the now prevalent decline in business agility as a result of problems with data volumes so as to keep data management cost down by taking an enterprise mount in managing data as records. ILM moderates this. The findings that 56 percent lack by-line in implementing ILM strategies or that they do not know of any ILM efforts within their organizations is biased considering that the enterprise flack is a relatively new approach to organizational information management.It is the current data administrations that have failed as they unaccompanied allow besotteds to handle problems as they occur and not that firms are activated or else undisciplined about their data challenges. The finding that most firms every do not know or allocate minimal ILM dodging budgets ought to have outlined a parallel scan of efforts make in alternative data management approaches.ILM introduces a cohesive strategy f or the management of information across the organization which is exactly what is needed in modern business environments. Although ILM is promising, the precedent ought to have compared the findings with firms preference for alternative systems or point priorities as well as its fit with the current engine room trains. The study also does not highlight the relative costs of implementing ILM with respect to the firms net margins while outlining the implementation levels for ILM.However, ILM is an important strategy for data that need to cope with certain legal storage mandates although it does not assess relative cost maintaining such information as opposed to frequency of events requiring this information. While the author hatches the issues of difficulties in determining informations life cycle, he does not address the limitations of legal determinants which could jeopardize the gains from ILM. Nolan, R. & McFarlan, W. (2005). Information engineering and the Board of Direct ors mental synthesis an IT Governance Committee.Harvard Business Review, 83 (10),In such a digital age as this, it is imperative that any organization invest in a strong government committee on IT that can finagle the formulation and integration of IT policies into the companys competitive favour strategy. rabbit warren McFarlan and Richard Nolan detail the basics of establishing and maintaining an IT governance committee. An IT governance committee is preponderant in developing a custom framework on which an organizations IT policies are founded thus enabling a firm to avoid applying early(a) companies best strategies which whitethorn not fit into the modern nature business strategy.The authors elaborate on the three key approaches that are essential in guiding any company in building an effective IT governance committee appointing the suitable personnel as well as their president assessing how the committee would link to the visit committee and the preparation of the commi ttees charter. The first two are particularly more important. Independence is resilient for any modern-day committee effectiveness just as the authors preach the independence of the IT committee.Noting the importance of the importance of mentorship and expertise, McFarlan and Nolan emphasize on a lead whos either an IT professional (for strategic mode firms) or has bypast experience (for factory, turn around and support mode firms) in a successful IT-strategy based firm. In all cases, being IT-savvy, understanding an organization and its business needs as well as the systems architecture is paramount in addressing the bigger picture technologys potential to tack the outlook of the business economy and this supports the characterization of the modern-day business leaders.In this regard, the authors emphasize on selecting a chairman or at least an IT professional who can successfully balance the short-term needs of the firm with its long-term IT investments. Since distraction by difficulties stifle IT integration, the importance of the committee and particularly IT experts is addressed as they understand the important dynamics governing expert advancement both at the board and senior management level and thus can appropriately criticize all in-house entrenched thinking. The current scarcity of such experts explains the reason for the increase in identification number of IT consultants.The article addresses the current issues relating to account faculty to the regulatory and economic objectives through alignment with the audit department. However, drastic changes characterizing the advancement in IT would necessitate a considerable number of the committee be composed of IT professionals rather the one or a few suggested by McFarlan and Nolan. Gary, S. , Alice, G. & Alexis, F. Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems. Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. National Institute of Standards and Technology Speci al issue 800-30.Gaithersburg, MD. Risk management has become an important aspect of the information technology management system. Gary, Alice and Alexis emphasize on the role of IT- lay on the line management amidst the increasingly evolution use of automated information systems aimed at protecting organizations information assets from IT based risks. IT risk management is largely a management function as this IT guides confirms through focus on the companies guardianship rather than the IT experts only as the firms capacity to perform its mission is affected by these risks.The guide outlines the practical guidelines and the available cost-effective shelter systems essential in protecting the mission information which is an imperative in the modern world. This guide is literary applicable in every topple of every firm as it can be easily grow or abbreviated to tailor it to fit specific organizational situations. asunder from enabling firms IT departments to be accountable for IT budgets, the guide is also helpful in guiding the accreditation of the IT systems.This guide is an important resource for a wide rage of IT users the non-technical and technical staff as well as the experienced and the non-experienced ones. thereof this guide does not only provide an overview of IT risk management solely also evaluates how such a process would rhyme with the all the phases of the system development lifecycle (SLDC) as well as detailing the obligations of individuals who usually support and apply this process. In this regard, the guide provides a clear methodology for IT risk management as well as its relation to the system accreditation.This is made simpler by the provision of system-based information essential in defining the IT system as well as its operating environment. For such a process, it is important that supporting material such as the samples for the documentation of the results for risk assessment, as well as samples of a security implementation pla n be addressed more keenly as they are essential in improving the effectiveness of the guide. It also focuses on modern-day needs such as enabling IT individuals to customize their IT systems to fit into effective control systems.The authors address the importance of assessing the knowledge gap within the organization as relates to process of implementing information technology management systems. Although not related to the topic at hand, the example on electric power and railroads does address the key conceit of being aware of the knowledge gap in the appropriate commission so as to make the most out of IT systems opportunities.While it may be true that IT technologies cost performance had changed to the magnitude of about 107 in at the time of this study, it is no guarantee that it is going to evolve at this same as the author suggests given the tremendous growth in technology and educational advancement. The authors focus on cost effectiveness and the ability to do things diff erently through the transformational opportunities offered by IT integration as with the examples of American Hospital Supplys and American Airlines SABRE. In this regard, they emphasize on the knowledge about ITs associated economics.Strategic implementation and management of IT networks in organizations has made organizations capable of extending their scope globally to take strategic advantage of IT integration. This is because the authors address specifically the fast ever-changing pace of business trading operations with regards to assumptions and rules of business competition and this an important resource for modern-day senior management and CEOs who are charged with the responsibility of diversifying into intangible go that are information based.While its clear that technology is increasingly growing, it implies that the opportunities due to IT integration are bound to increase it also implies that companies venturing into IT management can differentiate their services and cost and product features not only for sometime to come as the author puts it but for an indefinite time provided there is follow up.However, the author provides a two lenses approach that provides a holistic approach towards IT integration. However, the authors do not note the likely challenges that the highly dynamic and drastically changing IT infrastructure as driven by competition may cost. In this regard, the article emphasize on roles of CIO and CTO.

Baptist Confessions

This essay allow for consider the English Baptist-Separatist apology of 1609 and the Mennonite-Dordrecht Confession of 1633. (M) and (B) are used to distinguish the two docu workforcets. These two confessions, or statements of legal opinion, are separated by only 24 years in time, and a relatively footling distance geographically, unrivalled in Holland and peerless in England, yet there are a number of differences. It was antic Smyth, a former Angli toilet minister, who drew up the Separatist confession. He later sought to align his church more with the Mennonites and after his death many of his congregation did be interpose Mennonites.Despite this he is considered to be a foundation garment father of the Baptist denomination. During the reign of Elizabeth I death was the penalty in England for those retention Anabaptist beliefs according to the Reformed Reader blade site. The other document tells us in its heading that it came discover of the Dutch Mennonite conference held at Dordrecht . The Mennonites were Anabaptist pursual of Menno Simons, a Dutch religious reformer and former Catholic non-Christian priest who had died roughly 72 years earlier in 1561. Between 1530 and the1590s some 2,000 believers died for their credence in Holland according to the Continental European Protestantism web page.They were officially tolerated from then on, nevertheless many refused to fight in wars on Hollands part, and p matchred to flee elsewhere, some to Poland and the Ukraine and other to America. So some(prenominal) these confessions came at a time when official persecution was lessening. First of all wizard is much briefer than the other. Although it has some 20 sections the Separatist confession has only short dis divisions under each heading and runs to less than 2 pages of foolscap, whereas the Mennonite document, although it has only 19 sections is very much longer and more detailed.It is one of many Mennonite statements of corporate trust. A muc h shorter version can be found on new day Mennonite web sites. The first 6 of its denominations are concerned with things more often than non believed. Then come words concerned with the life of the church and includes the sacraments of baptism and communion. articles 13 (M) frontwards are concerned more with legal matters much(prenominal) as the family between believers and the unsanctified authorities. The final section consists of a declaration of 1659 do by London based Anabaptists and is a refutation of accusations that had been made against them.Rather than a statement of belief it emphasises what they dont believe e. g. that though they do not themselves practise infant baptism they believe that others should be allowed to follow their get consciences as they would wish to. They state very strongly that they are impertinent to the Quakers, but at the same time wish to be big and allow them to practice freely as they believe. They do come out strongly against pope ry, whom they blame for many deaths. Although concerned with freedom of conscience they are anxious to let it be known that they will not support miscarriages of justice.This is in response to the fact that at the time of compose it Mennonites could be imprisoned apparently for belonging to the group according to Cornelius Dyck in An Introduction to Mennonite History, pages 133 and 134. The Mennonites, although sticking to what they believe, are anxious to get on with rest of society. They pass on a section (13) (M) stating that God has allowed secular pack to be in authority. In practice this means that though Mennonites will not go to war they will work under secular authorities in much(prenominal) bailiwicks as disaster relief and issues of neighborly justice.Baptists too are concerned with such matters as in such organisations as the Baptist Missionary Society. The English Baptist statement spends a larger coincidence of its text upon matters of faith and these are tend ing(p) priority. Only three articles, song 16-18, (B) are concerned with church bu ill-doingess, i. e. who may dispense the word and the sacraments, how to trade in with persistent sinners and how to interact with them in civil matters. The Mennonites also make statements of faith of course, but these are intermixed to some extent with such matters as the resource of officers and dealing with sinners.On the last mentioned subject the Mennonites are quite strict , referring to the insularism from and the total shunning of reprobates, though they do put this in a positive light as being a way of do the person make amends and not in order to driving their destruction ( articles 16 and17 (M)). The Baptists are more pragmatic in their approach. They hunt in article 17 (B) how to deal with those who persevere in their sins, but go on to say in the next article that such people are not to be avoided in worldly business.Regarding church practices an obvious difference is the inclusi on of foot washing by the Mennonites, article 11,(M) which they felt was commanded by Christ in John 13 v 1- 15. They are one of several Christian groups throughout history who have practised this symbolic act, although it seems unlikely that it was included among the practices of the early church. The Baptists make no mention of marriage, despite the fact that many branches of the church consider it to be a sacrament. The Mennonites on the other hand state that it is God enact and that St Paul allowed it within the church.(Article 12 (M)) They do state though that it should be between Christians who share common doctrine. In practice this means of course fellow Mennonites. Regarding Baptism the English Baptists make it very clear that it cannot be given to infants ( Article 14 (B)). The Mennonites in their confession ( Article 7 (M)) do not directly mention infants, but make it clear that it is for those who hear what they are doing and confess to faith, whereas this Baptist conf ession merely says that it is an external sign of the remit of sins, but makes no mention of public confession of faith.The Baptist confession describes its ministers as bishops and also mentions deacons and widows. (Article 16 (B)) It describes the church simply as a guild of the faithful,( Article 12(B)) and gives the whole body authority to make decisions. ( article 13 (B)). The Mennonites refer to the church in much more rarify language as the bride of Christ and the inhabitation of God in the Spirit. The Mennonites refer to the church leaders in slightly unalike terms as teachers, deacons and deaconesses, though they do make it clear further on that the latter term refers to widows.They refer to Jesus as the Bishop ( Article 9 (M)) and it is men who will do the teaching. There are of course many areas in which the two documents are in agreement. E. g. both refer to God as a trinity and as creator and that good works come out of faith kind of than the other way round. In A rticle 5 (B) the Separatist states that there is no original sin i. e. one is not a sinner by descent. This is in total credit line to Article 2 (M) of the Mennonite confession which states that because of the disobedience of Adam and Eve sin came into the world and has descended to all mankind, though both agree that man can be redeemed through Christ.The Mennonites are very concerned that faith is up to the individual, which explains their tolerance to the state and willingness to pay taxes etc. ( Article 13 (M)) Regarding communion, Menno left the Catholic church in part because of his lack of belief in the actual presence of Christ in the elements. The Mennonite document speaks rather of a holy supper,(Article 10 (M)), as commanded by Christ and in memory of what he had done.Smyth describes it on the other hand as an external sign of the communion of Christ and of the faithful Article 15 (B) and makes no mention of it being either a command or a memorial. Mennonites do not tak e oaths and quote scripture to back this up. They gather up that others will understand and just take them at their word. Another area mentioned by the Mennonites and not by the Baptists is what they refer to as revenge, but which perhaps their fellow countrymen saw as justified war fare. The Mennonite statement in article 14 (M) explains their scriptural reasoning for this stand.Baptists would agree with them, but for some reason it is not mentioned. Many of the differences in these two documents are simply due to the type of authorship one man as against a committee, the later being careful to check with each other before committing themselves to final wording, not omitting any point considered valid, hence the more mazy language and greater length. Ye both groups would agree about many things the imply for faith and understanding before baptism, the greatness of God and the unique record of Christ and his redeeming action.Both share a belief in the resurrection and in lif e eternal, even though they express this in slightly different ways, the Mennonites backing up their statements with scripture and the Baptists seemingly taking this as understood. These two groups came into being because of the Reformation and new ideas that were around at that time, especially with get word to the onus on an individual to come to faith, rather than being automatically part of the church, because he had been baptised as an infant, without either faith or understanding on his part.The biggest difference between the two seems to be with turn over to mans sinful nature and how he acquired it.. Baptists and Mennonites continue to idolise and live according to their conscience. Not every Christian would agree with every word written in these confessions, but it is to be hoped, that like the writers and following they would be tolerant in Christian love. Biblography Dyck, Cornelius J. An Introduction to Mennonite History, Herald Press, Pennsylvania,1993Electronic Sou rces rudimentary European Protestantism, Mennonites found at http//philtar. ucsm. ac. uk/encyclopedia/christ/cep/menn. html retrieved twenty-eighth folk 2007 Mennonites found at http//mb-soft. com/believe/text/mennonit. htm retrieved 28th September 2007. English Baptist Separatist Confessions found at The Reformed Reader http//www. reformedreader. org/ccc/esbc. htm retrieved 28th September 2007

Benjamin Franklin and Frederick Douglass as self-made men Essay

history of gum benjamin Franklin states that apart from being unmatched of the founding fathers of United States, he was a philosopher, scientist, inventor, a leading writer, paper and a diplomat too. A person with so many specialties in his personality is r bely seen and when we read the whole book of account, which has 14 chapters, we come to issue that asa dulcis Franklin was completely a self-make man. He gained expertise in each field he snuff ited because he did e realthing in his life with totally his intimacy. Benjamin gives a grave description of his life in Philadelphia and his shrewd interest in literature and hilosophy in this book.He also had interest in religion prevailing in America during colonial and basal period. He wrote the first five chapters of the book in England in 1771 and after(prenominal) 13 years i. e. , probably in 1884-85 he continued it when he was in Paris. Later when he returned to US in 1788, he ideal the book giving the account of his life till he is 57 years old i. e. , till 1757. One year after Benjamin Franklins death, in March 1791, his autobiography was published in Paris. Benjamin was born in Boston in 1706 as his fathers 15th electric s engager step up of 17.When he was a chool going child he wanted to become a minister merely after he dropped this idea as he had great interest in class period and writing. For the first few years, Benjamin apprenticed his br otherwise tho soon moved to Philadelphia and realizeed there for slightly sequence. While staying in Philadelphia, Franklin do friends with well-k straightawayn political figures and then moved to England. Here he stayed for 18 months with James Ralph who was a good friend of his but later he estranged with him. Then in 1726 he returned to America where he started a debating club in a very short clock and called it the Junto. aft(prenominal) two years, with the help of tools and knowledge gained in England, he turned The pop Gazette into a flourishing universeation after taking it all over from Keimer. In 1730 Benjamin married his beloved, Deborah Read and had two children. Franklin did printing work for the government holding small positions during 1730s. Later he became post lord of Philadelphia and also started brusque Richards Almanac. He invented Franklin stove by the end of 1730s. 1740s saw him works on various projects like fire brigade, police force, university of Philadelphia and even public works like street weeping service too.After retiring from printing business in 1748 he conducted various scientific researches on lightning. He was honored with degrees from Harvard and Yale in 1753 and he turned out to be the Postmaster General of America. Next year saw war breaking out between England and France and he participated in the war by drafting proposals that helped engage funds for the war. However the Autobiography is left unfinished and is written just up to 1757. The first chapter of his Autobiography is addressed to his first son, William Franklin who was born well one year after his marriage. He writes,Dear son I have ever had pleasure in obtaining any little anecdotes of my ancestors. You may remember the enquiries I make among the lies of my relations when you were with me in England, and the journeying I undertook for that purpose. (The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Chapter one, Lines 1-3) First chapter includes his present work and the reasons fag choosing it, some description of his ancestors, some his former(a) life and his attachment towards reading books. In chapter half a dozen, Benjamin mentions a plenteousness of such incidents that made him make up ones mind to be simply honest in his dealings in life.The philosophical lines in chapter six are, I grew convincd that truth, sincerity and integrity in dealings between man and man were of the utmost importance to the gladness of life and I formd written resolutions. Which still remain in my journal book , to practice them ever while I lived. (The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Chapter six, Paragraph 21, Lines 1-2) Thus we find that Benjamin Franklin worked on lot of projects and expertised his knowledge in various field with the help of his own experiences of life.He met various people and read variety of books too, which further helped him develop a sense of esponsibility and duty as well also morality and self-improvement. annals of the carriage of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave is a book with eleven chapters that gives us the picture of Douglasss life as a slave and how subtle he was to become a unloose man. His book has played quite a an influential role during the abolition movement of early nineteenth degree Celsius in United States.The first chapter starts with the information that Douglass is unaware of his date of behave and seems sad about this fact. Then he explains that he lost his give when he was only seven-year-old but he was interpreted far inte rnational from his mother even before that. He had no idea about who was his father but according to most people he must(prenominal) have been the son of his owner who was a white man. The first time when Douglass could see the brutal side of slavery was when he saw his auntie Hester being whipped.The determineing two three chapters describe the life of slaves of that time and how they were treated along with farms structure also. A very important and mentionable battery-acid here is the description of the singing of the slaves and this makes the reader have a good deal of admiration for Douglass as he knows far better that slaves are forced to do everything. Douglass mentions incidents of extreme brutality with slaves even if they spoke truth. He also makes the reader aware of how slaves were taught to behave in front of their owners.In chapter five he starts with life in Baltimore as he was taken there and also mentions that had he non been taken to Baltimore, he would have been slave for the rest of his life without having the feeling of making himself free. Here he started to feel that he could also have better hopes for future and mentions his new(a) mistress, Mrs. Auld as a very kind woman ab initio but in due course of time turned malicious. Douglass versed to spell small words and read a little second from Mrs. Auld and he tried to develop his new skill whenever he found time and opportunity.The following two chapters describe his life in Baltimore and how he aims to read and write for himself and the sufferings due to this skill for him. In chapter six he mentions the difference in the words of a city slave and campestral slave. He writes, I had resided but a short time in Baltimore before I observed a marked difference, in the treatment of slaves, from that which I had witnessed in the country. A city slave is almost free man compared with a slave on the plantation.He is much better fed and clothed, and enjoys privileges altogether unkno wn to the slave on the plantation. Narrative of the manners of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Chapter six, Paragraph 4, Lines 1-2) When Douglass was probably ten or eleven years his master died and with the division of property he was sent to the family of Master Hugh. For some time he was moved from one master to another which he extremely hated but had no option other than to follow the instructions of his present master. During these different voyages, Douglass made up is mind to scat from this kind of life and tried to take an account of the direction he was traveling so that it would help him run away from there.He had very hard time with the kind of work he was allotted and he was even whipped almost weekly just because he was awkward with the work. tout ensemble this crossed the limit of patience for Douglass and one day when his master brood tried to tie him he fought and won. After this incident he was never beaten. Douglass was then sent to another farm where h e made friends with other slaves and also taught them to read and write. Here he planed to escape with some of the slaves but was caught and sent to jail. After being released from jail he was sent to learn some trade in Baltimore and he worked as a trainee in a shipyard.Here also white men abused him and his master was kind enough to make him work as a caulker and not go back to the shipyard again. He was even given wages for his work but he had to give them to Master Auld. He writes, In the early part of the year 1838, I became quite restless. I could see no reasons why I should, at the end of each week, pour the get of my toil into the purse of my master. When I carried to him my weekly wages, he would, after reckoning the money, look at me in the face with a robber-like fierceness, and ask, Is this all? he was satisfied with nothing less than the last cent. He would, however, when I made him six dollars, sometimes give me six cents, to encourage me. It had the opposite effect. (Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass, An American Slave, Chapter eleven, Paragraph 3, Lines 1-3)Somehow Douglass manages and finds his own job and escapes from there and moves to Massachusetts. He mentioned very little about this escape in order to defend the names of persons who helped him in this work. After this he met his fiance and started working on his own.He then joined an antislavery get-together and fought for the issue from that time onwards. Within quaternity months of the publication of the book, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave in 1845, it made a sale of five thousand copies. Douglass sailed to England after the publication of his book and remained there for next two years, as he feared to be recaptured by his legal master. This book eventually gave him the liberty to work for himself and people now believed in the story of his past. He then started a black publisher too.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Law Essay

IntroductionOur assigned topic deals with a phenomenon that has interpreted the embodied world by storm rather recently, situati hardly in Pakistan. It entails the dilemma that all connection faces when they puddle to build up decisions regarding the firms favourableness and their rafts sociable province. The landmark collective societal responsibility came into common use in the late 1960s and early seventies after more multinational weeds formed the term stakeholder, gist those on whom an organizations moveivities fall in an impact. It was used to describe corporeal owners beyond sh arholders.The field of in bodiedd social responsibility (CSR) has genuine exponentially in the last decade. Neverthe slight, there remains a lingering debate rough the legitimacy and value of corporate re action mechanism to CSR concerns. There ar several(predicate) views of the function of the firm in society and disagreement as to whether wealth maximization should be the sole goal of a corporation.An escalating number of sh arholders, analysts, regulators, activists, wear unions, employees, community organizations, and news media ar asking companies to be accountable for an dynamical set of CSR issues. There is rising demand for transp arency and growing expectations that corporations touchstone, report, and unceasingly repair their social, surroundal, and economic performance.According to Business for affable Responsibility (BSR), corporate social responsibility is defined as achieving commercial success in ways that honor ethical values and respect people, communities, and the natural environment. all(prenominal) political party is at variance in how it implements corporate social responsibility, if it does so at all. The differences depend on such(prenominal) factors as any vocalizationicular companys size, the particular industry involved, the firms moving in culture, stakeholder demands, and how historically progressive the company is in engaging CSR. Some companies pore on a single area, which is regarded as the most all-important(prenominal) for them or where they have the highest impact or vulnerability benevolent rights or the environment, for exemplarwhile there are others who endeavor to incorporate CSR in each and every one facet of their operations. For successful execution, it is fundamental that the CSR principles are part of the corporations values and strategic planning, and that the management and employees, both are committed to them. Furthermore, it is important that the CSR strategy is aligned with the companys specific corporate objectives and aggregate competencies.As CSR comes into contact with some of the problems conventionally addressed by government, worry human rights and community investing, there is fond c pick up that societal problems are scoop up solved by freely elected government bodies as the resources of a corporation are indisposed matched for addressing those social proble ms, and therefore, it is argued, they should not be misallocated.According to Friedman (1970), in a free society, there is one and only one social responsibility of melodic phraseto use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its remuneration so long as it girdle at heart the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition with come to the fore deception or fraud. The idea is that the state should address social problems, supported by the assembly line that an executive, by taking money and resources that would otherwise go to owners, employees, and costumers, and allocating them according to the entrust of the minority, and will fail to serve the interests of her or his principal. In this way, the executive sees a tax and spends the proceeds for social purposes, which is insupportable, since she or he has neither the skills nor the jurisdiction to do so.On the other hand, there are many demands by others for corporate adoption of the CSR principles. Although the government is chiefly obligated for addressing those issues, the contri hardlyion of esoteric firms washbasin be substantial. There is excessively the argument of the shifting equilibrise of power. According to the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), of the 100 largest global economies, as indicated by their respective GDP, 51 of them are US corporations, and only 49 are nation states. So economic supremacy has shifted to the corporations they, therefore, should have an increase role in and accountability for addressing social problems.For example, the government sets the regulations and the minimum standards for the workplace, only when a company green goddess kick upstairs improve the work environment and the quality of living of its employees. A firm cannot stay oblivious to the problems of the environment in which it functions. The poverty of a nation states citizens, policy-making unrest, and the exhaustion o f natural resources can have destructive effects for a corporation. For example, resources that are inputs in the production process and which, at the foundation of the industrial revolution, were plentiful are directly scarce, polluted, or diminishing in many regions of the entire planet.As one would expect, this imposes an extra cost to the corporations and may bear on them to reposition or to cease operations. From one perspective, companies may be poorly equipped to address some of the social or environmental problems, but from another perspective, no matter how poorly equipped, companies may still be best positioned to improve the problems. Undoubtedly, adopting the CSR principles involves costs. These costs might be short term in nature or continuous outflows.They may involve the acquire of new environmentally friendly equipment, the change of management structures, or the performance of stricter quality controls. Since being socially amenable involves incurring costs, it should generate benefits as well in order to be a sustainable trading practice. A corporation could not continue a policy that invariably generates negative cash flows. The shareholders invest their money in a corporation, expecting the highest affirmable risk adjusted return. Therefore, being socially responsible should have bottom-line benefits in order to be sustainable.Socially responsible corporate performance can be associated with a series of benefits with the final outcome. But in a lot of cases, it seems that the time frame of the costs and benefits can be out of alignmentthe costs are in the near future, whereas the benefits are not often realized until long periods of time have lapsed. Nevertheless, many benefits can be identified. Firstly, socially responsible companies have enhanced brand material body and reputation. Consumers are often attracted towards brands and companies with good reputations in CSR related issues.Therefore, a corporations brand equity is auto matically enhanced. A company regarded as socially responsible can also benefit from its reputation within the business community by having increased ability to attract crown and trading partners. However, reputation is hard to quantify and measure it is even harder to measure how much it increases a companys value. But since companies have developed methods to measure the benefits of their advertisement campaigns, similar methods can and should be able to be applied in the case of corporate reputation. Socially responsible companies also have less risk of negative rare events.Furthermore, companies that adopt the CSR principles are more transparent and have less risk of bribery and corruption. In addition, they may execute stricter and, thus, more costly quality and environmental controls, but they run less risk of having to bear in mind bad product lines and pay heavy fines for excessive polluting. They also have less risk of negative social events which damage their reputation and cost millions of dollars in information and advertising campaigns. The scandals just about childlabor and sweatshops that affect the raiment industry are two fine examples. Thus, socially responsible businesses should have more stable earnings growth and less downside volatility. Since companies that adopt the CSR principles make less risk, when valuing those companies, a lower discount rate should be used. In the company valuation this lower tail risk should be taken into account.There are also other cases in which doing what is good and responsible converges with doing the best for the particular business. Some CSR initiatives can dramatically reduce direct costs. For example, reducing packaging material or planning the optimum pathway for delivery trucks not only reduces the environmental impact of a companys operation, but it also reduces the cost. The process of adopting the CSR principles induces executives to reconsider their business practices and to explore more e fficient ways of operating.Companies perceived to have a strong CSR commitment often have an improved ability to attract and to have got employees (Turban & Greening 1997), which leads to trim down turnover, recruitment, and training costs. Employees, too, often evaluate their companies CSR performance to construe if their personal values conflict with those of the businesses at which they work. There are many known cases in which employees were asked, under pressure of their supervisors, to overlook written or moral jurisprudences in order to achieve higher profits. These practices create a culture of fear in the workplace and misemploy the employees trust, loyalty, and commitment to the company.Companies that improve working conditions and labor practices also experience increased productivity and reduced error rates. Regular controls in the production facilities throughout the world ensure that all the employees work under good conditions and earn living wages. These practic es are costly, but the increased productivity of the workers and improved quality of the products generate positively charged cash flows that cover the associated costs. Thus, firms may actually benefit from socially responsible actions in terms of employee morale and productivity (Moskowitz, 1972).Literature reviewCSP is a global concept that encompasses those of Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Social Responsiveness. It provides a coherent framework to explore business-society relationships by looking at the social impact of corporations with business criteria of performance measurement, such as quality, efficacy, effectiveness, purpose (Carroll, 1991 Wood, 1991). The challenge for corporate social responsibility (CSR) in developing countries is enclose by a vision that was distilled in 2000 into the Millennium Development Goalsa world with less poverty, hunger and disease, greater survival prospects for mothers and their infants, better educate children, equal op portunities for women, and a healthier environment (UN, 2006 3). The penetration of the social land into corporate strategy has knited momentum in the last years. The driving for CSR has won the battle of ideas (Crook 2005). By now, most well managed companies have follow the practices and certifications mandatory in their industries, having gone through what Zadek (2004) calls the defensive and the compliance stages of CSR.Managing the social and environmental footprint of economic activity is generally accepted as part of the cost of doing business. But much remains to be done. If companies are to move their CSR activities from satisfying behavior and take their commitment to society and the environment to the next level, they will need to rethink their current approaches to CSR, tapping into the creativity of every individual. CSE, corresponding all entrepreneurship, is not about managing existing operations or CSR programs it is about creating disruptive change in the purs uit of new opportunities. It combines the willingness and inclination to create joint economic and social value with the entrepreneurial redesign, systems development, and action necessary to carry it out. Accelerated organizational transformation faces a swarm of obstacles well-documented in the change management literature. Some people argue that media pressures the corporate managers and directors to behave in ways that are socially acceptable. sometimes this coincides with shareholders value maximization, others not (Zinagales, 2002).Although there are several contested notions of what CSR should be and how it should work, there is some agreement upon what it broadly entails. A number of concepts and issues are subsumed under the heading of CSR, including human rights, environmental responsibility, diversity management, sustainability, and philanthropy (Amaeshi & Adi, 2006), meaning that it is a complex area with an interdisciplinary focus. It is generally agreed that CSR invo lves corporations voluntarily exceeding their effectual duties to take account of social, economic and environmental impacts of their operations. esteem of the social, economic and political context demonstrates how CSR forms part of a wider strategic nidus being taken internationally with regard to market relations and the pursuit of a range of objectives and goals.The context is in part provided by concerns about the numerous examples of irresponsible behavior on the part of corporations, ranging from colluding with oppressive regimes and in the overthrowing of governments (Alston, 2005) to issues relating to working conditions and the impact of unethical marketing practices (Richter, 2001). Such examples have demonstrate the need for the worst excesses of business to be curbed. The globalised economy is understood to elevate important issues for businesses and governments due to changes in patterns of production and consumption. In particular it is noteworthy that the manuf acturing of goods is highly mobile (Cassell, 2001263) and that supply chains are often dispersed in various countries, creating difficulties in terms of legislation and regulation. Moreover, economic globalization presents challenges to the ability of states to protect peoples rights (Cassell, 2001).The notion of corporate social responsibility is part of the third way (Gond & Matten, 2007), where the role of the state is now to provide steering for the promotion of social development and social judge (Giddens, 2001 6). There is increased involvement of the private sector in traditionally statutory provision through privatization and public/private partnerships (Meehan, 2003). Economic policies have created a need for markets and business to self-regulate in order to continue to follow an international free market economy, but also to ensure sustainability of economic, human and other resources, and of the environment. CSR is seen as a solution to these problems of regulation. The private sector is more and more seen as a key player in the achievement of many national and international strategic objectives for governments, which is also enabled by CSR.MethodologyTo gather information, we used secondary research as our main source of information. divers(a) academic journals and internet sources were pursued to cater to the important aspects of the given topic. Moreover, since we exhaustively researched this topic, personal opinions were formed and using those and logic, we justified our opinions accordingly.How can business persons act in an ethically and socially responsible manner and at the homogeneous time make profits?Suppose clear-cutting is profitable and legal, but is withal regarded as environmentally irresponsible under prevailing social norms. net management of a timber corporation decline to clear-cut its tone even though that sacrifices profits? One might be tempted to environ the question by claiming that being environmentally responsibl e is profitable in the long run, either because it preserves the forest for future harvesting or because it maintains a public goodwill that aids future sales. But suppose, in an incautious moment, management admits that the present value of those future profits from not clear cutting cannot hope to match the large current profits that clear-cutting would produce. Or, more realistically, suppose a takeover bid by a firm known to clear-cut establishes precisely that proposition by offer far more than the stock price that reflects the current stream of profits. bunghole management reject the profitable takeover bid on the causa that it will lead to socially undesirable clear-cutting? The answers to these questions will challenge the approved law and economics account on corporate social responsibility, which goes something like this. Unless modified by statute, traditional fiduciary duties require corporate managers to further the interests of shareholders, and thus require them to increase corporate profits subject to the agreement to comply with independent legal constraints. Ethics and social responsibility are very important values in business ventures.This is particularly indispensable in decision making process. Ethical conscience reminds business persons to make trustworthy and profitable business decisions. Likewise, the social responsibility component requires business persons to make entrepreneurial decisions that can enhance benefits and repelling harms to the stakeholders. The canonical law and economics view holds that corporate managers do and should have a business to profit-maximize because such transfer is socially efficient given that general legal sanctions do or can redress any harm that corporate or non-corporate businesses inflict on others.If certain conduct imposes excessive harm on others or virtuousnesss taxation, then an independent law should regulate and impose liability or taxes whether or not the actor is a corporation, an d if the conduct does not impose any impermissible harm or merit taxation, then the most socially desirable thing for corporations to do is maximize profits. Other stakeholders could either legally protect themselves by contract with the corporation or have their legal protection provided by judicial gap-filling of such contracts. Part of what makes this account canonical is that it helps define the boundaries of the corporate law field. It leaves corporate law scholars free to ignore issues about any effects the corporation may have on the external world as topics best addressed by other legal fields, and to focus on more tractable models about which corporate rules would maximize shareholder value.

The Safavid and Moghul Empire

The Safavid imperium re entirelyy put Iran on the single-valued function for their economic strength. The Safavid empire was founded by the Safavids and covered all of Iran, parts of Turkey, and Georgia. The Shiite establish empire lasted from 1501-1722. The reason for their success was their locations on the trade routes. Shah Ismail, age 14 ruled from 1501 to 1524 and by 1510 he had conquered all of Iran. Shiism was introduced to Iran and many Sunni Muslims were murdered. scarce there was a positive side to their religion the early Safavid Empire was a theocracy.Religious and political powers were all together. The Empire became rich because it was in the center of the trade route in the Ancient World. Shah Abbas was leader during the roaring years of the Safavid Empire. Although he had a small army, they were well trained and had had the silk hat weapons. With the help of the Europeans Shah Abbas had some success against the Ottoman Turks. aft(prenominal) Shah Abbas died the Safavid Dynasty suffers and leaders lacked lead skills. Afghan people invaded and seized the capital of the Safavid Empire and what is left of the Safavid dynasty falls apart.The might Empire (also spelled Moghul or Mughal) was founded by Babur in 1526 and stretched from almost all of India and westward into Europe. Baburs army was small, but had better weapons. Babur captured Delhi and conquered North India until he died in 1530. Akbar was Baburs grandson son and was 14 when he took the throne. By 1605 king ruled most of India. Akbar was a great negotiator, was lenient with opposite religions, and was very(prenominal) humane. He even married a Hindu woman.People had to give 1/3 of their harvest every year to the state, but sometimes that tax might be lowered or excused. Trade and manufacturing flourished during this time. After Akbar died, Jahangir took over and continued to strengthen the central government. He convinced his married woman to arrange a marriage with him son and her niece and he becomes the ruler later Jahangir. Shah Jahan could not deal with domestic problems and cost the Empire a nap of many. He had many expensive projects such as the Taj Mahal which was built for his favorite(a) wife who dies while giving birth to her 14th child.The government had to salary increase taxes to pay for it. When Shah Jahan dies, his sons fight for power and one ends up killing other so the son Aurangzeb becomes king. He was a devout Muslim and forbade drinking, gambling, and command the building of Hindu temples. As a result of this, people are unhappy and the Persians attack in 1739. The British arrived in the Mogul Empire and wanted to take over. Of course the British won and they had the right to call for taxes in areas surrounding the Calcutta.Muslim woman began to fight in battles and distaff relatives become advisors to leaders. Moguls brought together Indian and Persian cultures and influences. The Mogul and Safavids, although very differ ent had many things in common. twain had important rulers who started their reign at 14. Both were of Islamic religion, and they both had small armies but advanced weapons. The rulers played a role in the Empires decline. Both started out as strong, wealthy empires and started to decline. And The Mogul and Safavid Empire had strong religious beliefs.

Malunggay can be used as water purifier Essay

Aside from its potential as biofuel feedstock, the cum of moringa, locally known as malunggay, could in addition be use for discretioning pee, a Filipino scientist said yesterday. Dr. Isidro Sia, a professor of the Department of materia medica and Toxicology of the University of the Philippines-Manila, said moringa seeds do been found to be wiz of the most useful pee purifiers, ground on international studies. He said the engineering science is creation employ in Kenya, Ind 1sia and Uganda. In the Philippines, he said UP has an ongoing project to study the water- mending property of the local variety. According to research, moringa seeds treat water on dickens levels, acting some(prenominal) as a coagulant and an healthful agent. It is generally accepted that moringa works as a coagulant due to positively supercharged, soluble proteins which bind with negatively charged particles (silt, clay, bacteria, toxins, etc.) allowing the resulting flocs to settle to the bo ttom or be outside by filtration.The antimicrobial aspects of moringa continue to be researched, it said. Solutions of moringa seeds for water treatment may be prompt from seed kernels or from the solid residue left over afterward anoint extraction. Reports said moringa seeds, seed kernels or dried presscake can be stored for foresighted periods exactly moringa solutions for treating water should be prep bed fresh separately time. In general, one seed kernel will treat one cubic decimetre of water. The member of treating the water with moringa seeds would take at to the lowest degree one to two hours. This clean-living water can then be filtered or sterilised to make it completely safe for drinking, a report said. Moringa is as well as being promoted as animal feedstock.According to research, moringa has seven multiplication the vitamin C in oranges, four times the calcium in milk, four times the vitamin A in carrots, three times the potassium in bananas, and two times t he protein in milk. In addition to nutritional qualities, it has medicinal uses, away and internal. Its oil can similarly be used for cooking and for cosmetics and lubricants. checkup experts and herbalists attest to the long line of health benefits of Malunggay (scientific name Moringa oleifera). And the most new-fashioned finding by researchers at the Pennsylvania State University (PSU) shows that crushed Malunggay seeds argon potent in purifying dirty water. The research has scientifically prove the practice of Filipinos and Egyptians in using crushed malunggay to purify water. The PSU researchers claimed in a paper that the protein in the Malunggay seed kills bacteria by gathering them into clusters that pass into the bottom of a container. The protein fuses the membranes that protect the bacteria, thus destroying them in one aviate swoop. The proteins are reportedly potent in their change ability when harvested as come on seeds during the rainy season.Writing for Popul ar Science on June 11, 2015, bloody shame Beth Griggs said the role of Malunggay seeds as water purifier would be a grace to hundreds of millions of slew with little access to potable water. With Malunggay seeds as alternative, those living in remote communities need not secure nanotech filters and light-based water purifiers. Indian researchers also discovered that Malunggay improves the motility of spermatozoa, making it a favorite among men who necessitate to sire many children.Several years ago, the Department of Agriculture (DA) launched a campaign to popularize the propagation of Malunggay through the Biotechnology Program sanction (BPO) then under Dr. Alice Ilaga and consultant Dr. Satunina Halos. It was even suggested that oil from Malunggay seeds could be extracted and used for various pharmaceutical purposes. Malunggay leaves are a good source of calcium, iron, ascorbic sulfurous and phosphorous. Filipino boxing icon and Sarangani Rep. Manny Pacquiao credits soups wit h Malunggay leaves for boosting his energy during training.Moringa water system subtletyIn many parts of the world river water which can be exceedingly turbid is used for drinking purposes. This turbidness is conventionally removed by treating the water with expensive chemicals, many of which are imported at great expense. Natural coagulants watch been used for centuries in traditional water treatment practices throughout certain areas of the developing world.Crushed Moringa seeds clarify and purify water to suit domestic use and lower the bacterial constriction in the water making it safe for drinking. Byusing Moringa seeds people will no longer be depending on expensive actor originating from the West. Using Moringa to purify water replaces chemicals such as aluminium sulphate, which are dangerous to people and the environment, and are expensive.Moringa seed powder can be used as a quick and simple method for cleaning dirty river water. Studies showed that this simple method of filtering not only diminishes water pollution, but also harmful bacteria. The moringa powder joins with the solids in the water and sinks to the bottom. This treatment also removes 90-99% of bacteria contained in water. piss from varying sources will need antithetical add togethers of Moringa seeds powder be get under ones skin of the impurities present will not be the same. Experiments with a jar will help in working out the correct amount needed. MoringaIn addition to food, shelter and clothing, water is one of our basic humankind needs and lack of potable water is a major cause of death and disease in our world.Moringa oleifera seed contains 40 per cent by weight of oil, with the remaining presscake containing the active ingredients for raw(a) coagulation. The high market abide by for the oil make the case for promoting the cultivation of the seed a loyal one. The emergence of Moringa oleifera trees by smallholder farmers should be actively promoted as a mode of prov iding vegetables and raw material for oil extraction in addition to a simple, but effective natural coagulant for turbid river water.Using natural materials to clarify water is a technique that has been practiced for centuries and of all the materials that have been used, seeds of the Moringa have been found to be one of the most effective. Studies have been conducted since the archeozoic 1970s to test the effectiveness of Moringaseeds for treating water. These studies have confirmed that the seeds are highly effective in removing suspended particles from water with medium to high levels of turbidity (Moringa seeds are less effective at treating water with low levels of turbidity).Moringa Water Purification TheoryMoringa oleifera seeds treat water on two levels, acting both as a coagulant and an antimicrobial agent. It is generally accepted that Moringa works as a coagulant due to positively charged, water-soluble proteins, which bind with negatively charged particles (silt, clay, bacteria, toxins, etc) allowing the resulting flocs to settle to the bottom or be removed by filtration. The antimicrobial aspects of Moringa continue to be researched. Findings support recombinant proteins both removing microorganisms by coagulation as well as acting without delay as growth inhibitors of the microorganisms. While there is ongoing research being conducted on the nature and characteristics of these components, it is accepted that treatments with Moringa solutions will remove 90-99.9% of the impurities in water.Water Treatment with Moringa SeedsSolutions of Moringa seeds for water treatment may be prepared from seed kernels or from the solid residue left over after oil extraction (presscake). Moringa seeds, seed kernels or dried presscake can be stored for long periods but Moringa solutions for treating water should be prepared fresh each time. In general, 1 seed kernel will treat 1 liter (1.056 qt) of water.Dosage RatesLow turbidity NTU250 2 seeds per 1 liter (1.05 6 qt) waterINSTRUCTIONS TO CLEAN WATER WITH MORINGA SEEDS1 Collect mature Moringa oleifera seed pods and remove seeds from pods. 2 Shell seeds (remove seed coat) to obtain clean seed kernels discard discolored seeds. 3 Determine quantity of kernels needed based on amount andturbidity of water in general 1 seed kernel will treat 1 liter (1.056 qt) of water. 4 Crush appropriate number of seed kernels (using grinder, mortar & pestle, etc) to obtain a fine powder and sift the powder through a classify or small mesh. 5 Mix seed powder with a small amount of clean water to form a paste. 6 Mix the paste and 250 ml (1 cup) of clean water into a feeding bottle and shake for 1 minute to activate the coagulant properties and form a solution.7 Filter this solution through a muslin cloth or fine mesh screen (to remove insoluble materials) and into the water to be interact. 8 Stir treated water rapidly for at least 1 minute then slowly (15-20 rotations per minute) for 5-10 minutes. 9 Let the t reated water sit without disturbing for at least 1-2 hours. 10 When the particles and contaminates have settled to the bottom, the clean water can be takefully poured off. 11 This clean water can then be filtered or sterilized to make it completely safe for drinking.DANGERSSecondary Infection The process of shudder and stirring must be followed closely to activate the coagulant properties if the flocculation process takes too long, there is a risk of secondary bacteria growth during flocculation. Recontamination The process of settling is important. The sediment at the bottom contains the impurities so care must be taken to use only the clear water off the top and not allow the sediment to re-contaminate the cleared water. special contaminants Moringa treatment does not remove 100% of water pathogens.Using Moringa oleifera as a replacement coagulant for proprietary coagulants meets the need for water and wastewater technology in developing countries which is simple to use, robus t and cheap to both install and maintain. Water purified with oringa seeds, is acceptable for drinking only where people are currently drinking untreated, contaminated water.

After a century of criminological theory, why does crime still exist Essay

After more than a century of crimino uniform possible action, a central question remains why does crook offence save hold out? To closure this question one must depression come to a clear definition as to what wickedness actually means. In nerve centre criminal offence provide buoy be considered a friendly concept a special(prenominal) word attributes an respective(prenominal) to a concomitantly undesirable group. This allocations is establish upon an event some sort of wrong-doing or deviance from the norm which results in social, animal(prenominal), mental, property or financial harm.The fact is, in that respect is no preposterous definition to villainy- on that point ar multiple arrests and opinions yet none stands as a concrete definition. From a formally legal perspective, iniquity sens be defined as by the state that is if a specific act is defined by criminal natural law and is subject to penalization than it can be considered a crime. Conversely fr om a labelling perspective, crime can only exist if a situation event has resulted in a social response. It is this social response which instigates the criminal label and thus if there is no label, there is no crime.The ambiguity in the definition of crime only when provides grounds for its continuous existence. After all it seems only logical that we can non rid of something that is not commonly agreed upon. In attempts to unveil the secrete of evil, various theories have been put forward which seek to clarify what is unclear. Of particular interest is the classical greet to crime and the creative thinker of incontrovertibility and man-to-man behaviour. The classical speculation of criminality locates the source of criminality within the individual and describes it as a keen cream (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990).Positivism on the some other hand emphasises causation and determinism, it focuses on both the external and internal factors which movement individual behavi our (Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990). Both of these theories hold opposing views about the causations of crime however they both seek to give reason to the existence of criminal behaviour. By focusing on these theories we may receive some lucidity as to why crime still exists. Classical Theory harmonise to the classical surmise criminality is seen to be derived from the individual and their ability to reason. This possible action encapsulates crime as a matter of choice and intent on the part of the wrongdoer. Due to crime being represented as a choice of the offender, responsibility for that crime is thus attributed solely to the individual. Classical surmise views all individuals as having equal opportunity to reason and be clear-sighted thus making us accountable for our actions. The basis of such a view stems from the assumption that there is general consensus among members of friendship individuals surrender particular rights to state in exchange for its protection thus forming a social iron out.Because we be all viewed as having equal opportunity to reason, the classical view holds that any rules or laws developed by consensus should be viewed as intelligent and binding to all this is the social contract. The classical theory thereby defines criminality as someone who acts irrationally or makes a bad choice which violates the social contract. The two leading figures behind the development of the classical theory are Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. According to Beccaria (1764) and Bentham (1970) the basis of all social action should be viewed as the utilitarian concept which results in the superlative happiness for the greatest number of heap in society. Beccaria stated that crime should be considered as an injury to society as a tout ensemble and as such punishment should be utilize as a deterrent.This concept alone is the core is the core insurance classical theory adopts when responding to crime deterrence. punishment is in essence th e force which maintains the existence of a social contract amid the state and individual (Carlsmith and Darley 2002). Classical theory states that all crimes should be associated with some sort of punishment. However the purpose of this punishment within the law is to deter individuals and not to seek vengeance. Deterrence should be directed at both the individual (direct deterrence) and at society as a whole (general deterrence). As such punishment should fit the crime but still outweigh the attraction of individual(s) to commit that crime Beccaria (1764) and Bentham (1970). The Persistence of crimeTo answer the question as to why classical theory has failed to rid society of crime we must further examine the work of Jeremy Bentham. According to Bentham (1970) personality has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign master pain and pleasure. Bentham outlines how all human behaviour can be joined to a self-interested pursuit of pleasure adaversion of pain. Thus accord ing to this crime can be considered as behaviours seeking to satisfy some underlying universal desires.In that sense people can be seen as rational when they commit crimes and when they do not. moreover it implies that people act first in the interest of the self and are free to choose a physical body of action, be it legal or illegal. Thus classical theory hasnt failed to rid society of crime because it never attempted to do so the theory merely accepts the fact that crime will co-exist alongside free-will and as such classicism seeks to minimise it.According to Blumstein, Cohen, and Nagin (1978) a review of creative studies conducted from 1960-1970 depicted that certainty of punishment and severity of punishment correlated extremely with lower levels of crime. Furthermore Shepherd (2002) demonstrated that cross-sectional studies and surveys support the preliminary findings in that perceived certainty of punishment has a strong inverted association with criminal offending.Stre ngths and WeaknessesThe strongest point classicism holds is its emphasis on equality. In the eyes of the law classicism enforces that everyone be viewed and treated the same. Whilst in theory this notion may seem appealing as it rids the legal agreement of bias judgements such as lifting the laws for the rich, it excessively has a dark side. classicism ignores the specificity of the defendant.Some people such as mentally ill or children are cl untimely not rational yet classicism overlooks this. classicism incorrectly assumes that people are equal in terms of lifetime chances and it does little to address the causations of crime. Thus although the deterrence policy adopted by classicism has been proven to work, the theory refuses to acknowledge external factors which may exploit crime. Even though classical systems of crime are still used today, such theoretical models became largely unfavourable in the mid-19th century when a new paradigm of human behaviour became dominant (T ibbets 2012). This view became cognise as school of positivism. PositivismPositivism was first proposed by Auguste Comte (1968) his theory sought to quantify, classify and acknowledge humanities individual differences when dealing with criminal acts. The core concept underlying positivism is that individual behaviour is determine by both external and internal factors. The focus of positivism is of the individual and not the crime. Conversely to classicism, positivism asserts that individuals vary and that no two people are alike. As a result rehabilitation is core policy positivism adopts when dealing with criminality.Positivists emphasize that attention should be drawn to the offender and the offenders characteristics as opposed to the criminal act itself. Furthermore punishment is not viewed as means to a valid dissolving agent in resolving crime. Offenders should receive treatment and this treatment should be differentiate to fit the unique characteristics of the offender. D efining CrimeSimilarly to classicism, positivism agrees that there is a moral consensus which exists in society in relation to what constitutes pervert and normal behaviour. However the differences arise when examining what drives criminal activity. Specifically positivists attribute lead strands which underlie criminal activity biological factors, psychological factors and biosocial factors. Biological FactorsCesare Lambroso (1968) was the first to put forward the idea that criminals may differ from normal individuals. He did this through his idea of atavism criminals could be identified from a physical stigma which portrayed them as primitive. Although this is quite obviously wrong he did set in motion the idea that biological makeup may influence criminality. Fishbein (1990) suggested the idea that a person may be innate(p) criminal due to genetic dispositions. Similarly Fishbein (1990) and Anderson (2007) emphasise that biological factors are crucial in determining individual b ehaviour but also that the environment may largely affect these factors. In other haggling criminals can be seen as the overlap the environment they are unfastened to. Good support for both of these ideas can be seen in significance abuse crimes such as alcohol fuelled violence and high crime rates in specific geographic areas. Psychological FactorsPsychological positivism focuss internally on the personality types and typologies which compose individuals. Gibbons (1977) exemplifies that flavour at psychology behind deviant behaviour involves exploring the unconscientious estimation and the way it shapes our experiences. Biosocial ApproachBiosocial positivism refers to the acceptance of both biological and psychological factors influencing behaviour as opposed to making a distinction between the two. From this point of view behaviour can be seen as the product of nature vs. nurture, Eysneck (1984) suggested the idea that behaviour can be explained by the gang of biological an d environmental influences. Strengths and weaknessesA strong point of the positivist approach is that it transcends the notion that people are always and indefinitely in accountant of their actions. Furthermore it acknowledges the existence of individual difference and emphasises the need for individualised treatment. A problem with the theory is that large amount of power is placed at the mercy of selective experts whose perceptions of intervention may vary greatly.An example of this arises when attempting early intervention with those who are predisposed to crime. If intervention should take place before deviance the questions which arise are how early should we do this? Who is to do it? And should we trustingness them? Dyzenhaus (2004) exemplifies this by drawing on positivism as a political tradition which rejects the connection between common law and morality. He states that when positivist judges are forced to operate with the parameters of common law they are forced to con strain themselves and as such impair their judgement.Why does crime still exist?Positivists emphasise the role of external and individual forces in shaping our behaviour. In essence the positivist perspective argues that individuals are not actually in check off of their behaviour but rather at the mercy of the various biological and or psychological determinants influencing them. Thus positivism cannot rid society of crime because it acknowledges that we are vulnerable individuals who cannot necessarily control our actions or our fate. ConclusionPositivism rears the source of criminality within the idea that people are basically self-seeking. Positivism places its focus on the importance of external and internal determinants of crime and criminality. Both theories provide plausible explanations for crime but none are able to readily remove it from society. This is mainly due to the fact that these theories are mere attempts to understand and define crime as opposed to resolving it.

Comparative Analysis †Elie Wiesel and Hilary Rodham Clinton Essay

The two speeches orated by Elie Wiesel and Hilary Rodham Clinton were delivered in 1995 to influence change. Wiesels, heed to the mum screams was delivered at Auschwitz. World leaders and survivors listened as he influenced the sense of hearing to enact ment upon racial hatred and religious extremism. Clinton delivered her speech at the join Nations 4th conference on Womens Rights Plenary Session in Beijing. This is ironic given Chinas poor record for benevolent rights impingements, particularly against females.Delegates and women from all over the piece came to hear her rebuttal, Womens rights ar homo rights. Both Wiesels and Clintons speeches atomic number 18 relevant nowadays as some(prenominal) their aspirations of human rights for all have not until now been fully realised. Both speakers broadcast their message by addressing the reference through with(predicate) exhibiting their self-assurance and rhetorical devices. Both speakers establish authority and credib ility for themselves as speakers and for their cause in different ways. Wiesel is authoritative as he has lived through the final solution, whereas Clinton is authoritative as she is an active feminist.Wiesel addresses his audience by using personal pronouns to create equivalence, I speak to you as a man, who 50 age and nine days ago had no relieve oneself, no hope, no incoming and was known only by his number, A7713. This statistical information shows the formality of the author and establishes that being in Auschwitz has influenced his view on humanity. He has seen what humanity has through with(p) to itself by trying to exterminate an entire people and inflict scurvy and humiliation and death on so many others.Wiesel does not specifically identify one group of people for doing this he influences the audience to assure whole of humanity was responsible for Auschwitz. Contrastingly, Clinton establishes her authority by being female, by being indefatigable, and by speaking t o and for women from all over the humanness. She states, Over the away 25 years I have worked persistently on surfaces relating to women, children and families. This shows she is respectable about womens right, it is something she strongly believes in, and her commitment to the cause is absolute. Clinton has worked on womens rights for the past 25 years.Not only is she committed, in sum she brings experience. By listing countries in which she has talked to mothers about their issues, I have met immature mothers in Indonesia Denmark South Africa India Bangladesh Belarus Ukraine Chernobyl , she highlights her credibility to appear influential and qualified to act as a voice on their behalf. She has met mothers who are voiceless, now she has the tariff to speak out, to be the one voice that is heard. Both speakers establish their authority by validating their cause and using rhetorical devices .Wiesel uses emotive lyric poem and imagery, whereas Clinton appeals to point. Imag ery is utilise in Wiesels speech to capture the surreality of the Holocaust. Clinton uses fact to update the audience with reality of the dry land, and influences the audience with statistical information. Wiesel uses vocalization figures of mothers and oldish men and women, Listen to the silent screams of terrified mothers, the prayers of anguished old men and women. The use of the emotively loaded adjectives terrified and anguished shows the get winder their vulnerability. Prayers, shows helplessness and desperation as there was nothing they could do but hope. Their prayers went unanswered, as did the silent screams. Wiesel uses anaphora and imperative to influence the reader the dead have never been laid to rest, Listen to the tears of children, Jewish children, a beautiful diminutive girl among them, with golden hair, whose vulnerable essence has never left me. Wiesel influences the audience to pity the children, the most innocent of mankind. He achieves this by describ ing a representative figure who stands for all Jewish children.Through the description of, vulnerable tenderness he emphasises the frailty and innocence of children, while showing that this was brutally crushed. on that point was no mercy. The weak were tormented, the most innocent were sentenced to a death both unimaginable and undignified, Look and listen as they quietly walk towards darkness flames so gigantic that the planet itself seemed in danger. The metaphor shows the quantity and plenitude of the deaths, that people were being murdered on such a bounteous scale that it seemed as if the whole world would be consumed.In demarcation line to Wiesel, Clinton used statistics throughout her speech to underline the importance of womens rights. Statistics were used to give the reader an idea of scale, Women comprise more than than half the worlds population, 70% of the worlds poor, and two-thirds of those who are not taught to read and write. Incorporating researched data gi ves realism and urgency. When statistics are used the audience is able to drudge what is happening and who is involved. By using examples Clinton is telling the audience it should not be a problem as it involves at least half of the worlds population.Clinton gives examples from all over the world of what is happening, one of them being, It is a violation of human rights when babies are denied food, or drowned, or suffocated, or their spines broken, simply because they are born girls. Notice in this it is not only stated as a violation of womens rights, but a violation of human rights. We are human, and we have rights. The violence needs to stop in the name of humanity as a whole. Both Wiesel and Clinton are telling the world through the power of rhetoric, that change is needed.These speeches are relevant and persistent today. The issue of effectively opposing religious fanaticism, racial hate, and building gender equality have enduring relevance in all countries. With, let us stop the bloodshed in Bosnia, Rwanda and Chechnia the vicious and ruthless terror attacks against Jews in the Holy Land, Wiesel is saying humanity has turned on itself before, and suffered before, just we have not learned. He commands we must reject and oppose more effectively religious fanaticism and racial hate.Allow the Holocaust to be the past, Wiesel urges we must focus on a safer future for our children so that the millions who died in the Holocaust did not do so in vain. Clinton speaks to the world, urge on the importance of gender equality, Even now, in the late 20th century, the bollix up of women continues to be used as an instrument of armed conflict. In this she gives an example of why gender equality needs to occur by giving an example of what is happening today. Both speakers influence the audience through exhibiting their authority and use of power, they show that these issues are pressing and cannot be ignored.

Zurkhaneh

The Ho wont of intensity level forward western influence, ancient Iranians participated in numerous sporting heretoforets, much a same(p)(p) the Greeks and their Olympics. Iranians though prided themselves in a type of wrestling called Koshti Pahlavani or epic Wrestling, where they would do graceful only forcefulnessful moves to pin their opponents. In order to propose for events such as this, they developed a mall to go to gain the strength, role, and endurance necessary to master their event. This take aim was know as the Zurkhaneh or House of Strength.The Zurkhaneh was originally a place to train and get closer to God, through weight training, because strength was seen as something godly. The Zurkhaneh housed the one true Iranian way of weight training, Varzesh-e-Pahlavni or The usage of Heroes. This usage was a 60-90 sensitive moment of different lifts and transactions all in alignment to the beat of drums and bells. Now although there argon many another(prenomin al) adept parts to the Zurkhaneh, like who leads it and different levels and rankings (much like those of Karate and Tae Kwon Do), I am dismissal to focus specifically on the weight training aspect of the Varzesh.These applys imply the warm-ups, Takhteh-Shena, Narmesh (aka Calisthenics), Meel exercises, Charkhidan, Pazadan, Kabbadeh Keshidan, Sang exercises, and Shelang-Takhteh. Each part of the full exercise fully work different parts of the persons form. In the 90 minute period, the people in the Zurkhaneh start by warming up. They do callisthenic exercises like ariseing on one foot and slow walking to discover a dynamic debase. They use the dynamic stretch as a way to prep atomic number 18 for the rigorous exercise they have ahead of them. make up after this warm-up, the people start doing pushups with the Takhteh-Shena.The Takhteh-Shena is a wooden plank that elevates you a little bit so that you do incline push-ups instead of bland push-ups. There are a few types of push-ups that they do including a level(p) push-up with the hip raised, a push-up with the legs spread wide-apart, and push-ups with a twist. These push-ups deliver a impregnable chest and bicep workout, testing endurance as well as flexibility. once they finish these push-up exercises, they do another round of calisthenics to further stretch their muscles for what is ahead. The next exercise in the lineup is the Meel Greiftan or Club Exercises.The Meel is a giant club weighing 10-30 kg (or 22-66 lbs) that is used in a few more exercises. This is the most physically demanding of the exercises because of the sheer weight of the clubs. This workout works power as well as strength, making it a great beginning to a workout. What the people do with these clubs first is cat their hands around the handle and then twist the club around their shoulders in a continuous circular motion. This full motion gives an f number body workout, primarily to the triceps, and shoulders (with some bi cep workout).Immediately succeeding this exercise is the exercise of rip off these clubs. The lifters throw the clubs in the air and juggle them. They do use smaller weights, and only a specific specialized group of them will do this activity. It is a break for them. The juggling does test hand-eye coordination provided also uses biceps and triceps but isnt as draining as the whirl of the clubs. Once this is end they move on to the endurance part of their exercise. The Charkhidan is a rotating or staggerning dance that they do in the Zurkhaneh. This dance is a constant spin that gets progressively faster.The person is supposed to r to each one their max speed in front the end of the dance. This spinning increases their balance and agility. The more skillful spinners lose finish up dizziness and can spin for a lengthy period of conviction. The time and speed are crucial in this exercise because if the person doesnt go for a lengthy time and full(prenominal) speed, they wont work endurance. Endurance is the main reason for this exercise. Following this dance is a set of footwork drills. These set as another break in the workout, with rifle movement being the main motivation. The footwork drills really are what we call warm-ups.They jump on one foot or two feet while go their arms in different directions. This constant stretch functions the muscles tear and bushel faster so that the person will not feel as much disoblige after the exercise. Now mind you, all of these exercises were meant to train warriors. The next few exercises were aimed towards ancient Persian warriors. The next part of the routine is the pulling of Kabbadeh or iron bow. This bow varies from 10-50kg (22-110 lbs) based on how many weights the bow has on the metallic chain. It is a very difficult exercise and is only done by those who are masters at it.What you do with the bow is you put it at arm length away from your body, and you energise it violently in a 360 degree motion a round your head. You do this until you cannot do it anymore. As you can see, this becomes extremely tiring, working the triceps, chest and shoulders heavily. This trains power and endurance because you are using high weights at a high velocity of shudder while doing it for a long period of time. This exercise is meant to be done in minutes not seconds. To also help balance, some athletes spin in a circle while shaking the bow. What I feel is the most demanding swiftness berth body exercises is one of the endure ones.This is a unilateral push of screen outs or sang. These wooden vindications are about 20kg a piece, totaling to a 90 lbs. press. Each arm extends with the shield in hand while doing what is widely known as a Russian twist. The athlete may not let the two shields collar and the shields may not touch the ground until they do the minimum of 50 double rotations. This is seen as a major disrespect to the gym. It is clear already that this exercise works endurance and n ot so much power because there are so many repetitions. The person (with their legs marvelous 6 inches above ground) twists their body while simultaneously pushing the latter shield upwards.This unilateral push works out the chest and triceps while the elevated legs work the core. As you can see, this, along with other Iranian exercises stretches the body while simultaneously working the upper body. Another way of lifting them is bully up, just like a dumbbell unilateral bench press, but that is used more with the novices. Immediately following this is a round of Koshti or wrestling. The people in the Zurkhaneh are very tired and must use the rest of their body in the wrestling match, seeing as their upper body is completely worked.This leads into the final exercise. The last exercise, which is part of the warm down, is a walk that gradually increases to a run and finally to a dash around the room. In no part of this training session do they do a static stretch. This shows how ev en in the ancient times, they knew that stretching and warming down with movement was beneficial to muscle repair. After the run, the athletes proceed to do jumping activities and sprints. The most enjoyable part of this exercise is at the end where the athletes get in a circle and massage each other down.They tend to focus on the upper body, seeing as most of the workout was aimed towards upper body performance. This massaging helps reduce muscle pain after the training session and in the morning. The training in these Houses of Strength show that there were ancient ways of weight training and that even without modern science, the ideals of strength and fitness remained the same. The Iranian heroic training stresses upper body lifting as well as the importance of core exercises. A heavy training of balance, endurance, and the triceps is used because in wrestling and battle they are essential to victory.Overall this weight training technique is effective because of its effect on the toning and conditioning of humans and their muscles. The Varzesh-e-Pahlavani is a pioneer of modern weight training. whole shebang Cited www. pahlavani. com/ www. zurkhaneh. com Koozehchian, Hashem & Izadi, Behzad, Zoorkhaneh The Iranian Traditional Gymnasium Amirtash, Ali-Mohamad, Zoorkhaneh and Varzesh-E-Bastani, Video Reference http//resistancetraining. wordpress. com/2006/11/19/traditional-iranian-martial-arts-varzesh-e-pahlavani/

Wisdom of Whores

She then goes on to translate hat religious dogma crushes our efforts to sympathise good data into good lay in pr so fartion. (Pl 88, Plans) In the book It goes on to say that power follows religion, and then money follows power and everyone follows money. To me I tint as If religion would be a good way to let up down the beehive epidemic be find, at a younger years if youre told near how stimulate and how it can cause salt away which can cause death it would scare a lot of kids. If kids are learning close sex in a religious manner I determine as if adolescents would follow it more. If I was growing up with this I would be abstinent till marriage.George W. Bush thought the same way that the tot altogethery way to avoid lay in Is to teach our children to be abstinent. Yes Plans brings In the blood of sperm between women and men and how they need sex, and theres al ways ways around that like religion, and being taught to control that urge. She then goes on to say the in crease of premarital sex and the decrease of prostitution would ultimately bonk the risk of HIVE. She goes on to bring go forth an example of Thailand saying that they beat taught us that with fewer men paying for sex from prostitutes lowers the risk for HIVE Infection. Also with that, there would be a larger condom use.I would fork up to disagree with this because if there was an Increase of premarital sex, it would just be a whole bunch of nescient teenagers just going around having sex all the time. The only difference would be is that the men wouldnt bring to be paying for this. She claims that condom use would be a lot higher, simply if your increasing premarital sex, condoms defiantly would non be used and the HIVE epidemic would be still be around. Yes I agree that the number would go down, but I feel It wouldnt go down that ofttimes to settle this a great development. The teenagers would have to be educated virtually HIVE and educated about safe sex.One of Aphas ias quotes had been theres bountiful HIVE for everyone, but in this little island of East Timer, theres actually wasnt enough HIVE for everyone. On this island there were many different HIVE organizations working on this island with not that many documented infected mint. On this island there were only about seven quite a little with HIVE. From Planes conclusion she thought poverty, street children and joblessness does not make an HIVE epidemic In this society. Just because there wasnt enough prostitution or drug injection HIVE couldnt be high and all this money going onto this country about HIVE prevention wouldnt matter.In a society, I feel like poverty could cause HIVE because in the beginning or later people in the society leave aloneing be selling there bodies for money. From what I understand, is that not everyone on this island is educated enough to get an HIVE test, because they are not educated about what HIVE Is. There should be different programs In this country to educate the people of east Limbo sot at n HIVE does not bedcover around Ana It stays ten same . Inure prig programs on safe sex using condoms, programs on not doing drugs and even prostitution.From reading this novel, the most interesting of points that caught my eye is the battle between how aid and HIVE is spread throughout the world. Is it spread through sex and drugs? Or is it spread over poverty and gender inequality? Pisa believes that sex and drugs is the primary(prenominal) dilemma when it comes to the HIVE epidemic. Pisa brings up the point with Africa because 2/3 of the people infected in the world live in the countries around Africa. She brings out a good quote that caught my eye, A schoolgirl in South Africa is thirteen times more likely to be infected with HIVE than a woman who sells sex for a living in China. Pl 24-125, Pisa) Ultimately, I would have to agree with Meads that poverty and gender inequality causes HIVE in poorer countries. In Africa, there is a humong ous gap between the rich nonage and the poor minority. With gender inequality, if men in a specific country are more literate then women HIVE will spread or of the population of a city is more males than women then HIVE will spread. Education is the biggest for me, where there is poverty, there are more uneducated people, and if those people dont know about safe sex, and diseases, then people will be infected.Where there is a society of poverty and uneducated people, two women and males will sell there bodies to make money and HIVE will be spread because unprotected sex would be taking place. On the other hand I do agree with Pisa but in another circumstance. I believe sex and drugs does cause HIVE and assist but only in high industrial countries like the joined States or France. When the HIVE epidemic came into place in the United States, it was say that it was spread through party drugs and also sex with gay men. In a poorer country, like Africa poverty and gender inequality s preads aids because of the morphological violence.

Carrier Planning Report for Mba Student

CAREER think ASSIGNMENT DEEPENDRA SINGH A30101911072 Sec- B, Sem-IV A Career has been defined as the sequence of a souls experiences on different wrinkles overthe period of clock. It is viewed as fundamentally a relationship between one or much make-ups and the individual. A go is a sequence of positions/jobs held by a person during the course of his workinglife. Many of todays employees have high expectations about their jobs. There has been a generalincrease in the concern of the quality of life.Workers expect more(prenominal) from their jobs than justincome. A provided impetus to charge readying is the need for organizations to make the best accomplishable use of their most valuable picks the plenty in a conviction of rapid technologicalgrowth and change. Career mean as a concern is of late(a) origin. The reason for thislack of concern regarding travel planning for a long time has been the careless,unrealistic assumption about employees functioning smoothly along the right lines and the whimsy that the employees guide themselves in their line of achievements.Modern personnel administration has to be futuristic, it has to look beyond the present tasks,since neither the requirements of the organization nor the attitudes and abilities of employeesare constant. It is too costly to leave occupational group to the tyranny of time and casualty ofcircumstances, for it is something which requires to be handled carefully with rationalization and professional promoting. Fortunately, there has lately been someappreciation of the value of career planning and word meaning of validity of career study as a major introduce in organizational breeding.Career formulation aims at get wording personal skills, interest, knowledge and new(prenominal) featuresand establishes specific plans to attain specific goals. Aims and Objectives of Career Planning Career Planning aims at matching individual potential for promotion and individualaspirations with organ izational need and opportunities. Career Planning is making sure thatthe organization has the right people with the right skills at the right time. In particular it proves what training and development would be necessary for advancing in the careeraltering the career path or staying in the current position.Its tenseness is on prox needs andopportunities and removal of stagnation, obsolescence & dissatis incidention of the employee. OBJECTIVE OF CAREER PLANNING To attract and hold open the right type of person in the organization. To map out career of employees suitable to their ability and their willingness to betrained and developed for higher positions. To have a more stable workforce by reducing labour turnover and absenteeism. It contributes to firearm power planning as well as organizational development andeffectiv all(prenominal)ievement of corporate goals. To increasingly utilize the managerial talent available at all levels within theorganization. It helps employee in t hinking of long term exponentiation with the organization. To provide guidance and encourage employees to fulfill their potentials. To achieve higher productiveness and organizational development. To ensure better use of sympathetic resource through more satisfied and productiveemployees. To meet the immediate and future military personnel resource needs of the organization on thetimely basis. NEED FOR CAREER PLANNING relish to grow and scale new heights. Realize and achieve the goals. Performance measure. full(prenominal) employee turnover. To educate the employees It motivates employees to grow. It motivates employees to avail training and development. It increases employee loyalty as they feel organization cares about them. ADVANTAGES OF CAREER PLANNING In fact both individuals and the organization are going to benefit from career planning anddevelopment. For Individuals 1. The process of career planning helps the individual to have the knowledge of variouscareer opportunitie s, his priorities and so on . This knowledge helps him select the career that is suitable to his life styles, preferences,family environment, scope for self-development etc. 3. It helps the organization hear internal employees who can be promoted. 4. Internal promotions, up gradation and transfers motivate the employees, boost uptheir morale and also result in increased job satisfaction. 5. Increased job satisfaction enhances employee commitment and creates a senseof belongingness and loyalty to the organization. . Employee will await his turn of promotion rather than changing to another organization. This will lower employee turnover. 7. It mitigates employees performance on the job by taping their potential abilities andfurther employee turnover. 8. It satisfies employee esteem needs. For Organizations A long-term focus of career planning and development will increase the effectiveness ofhuman resource management. The advantages of career planning anddevelopment for an organi zation include 1.Efficient career planning and development ensures the availability of human resourceswith required skill, knowledge and talent. 2. The efficient policies and practices improve the organizations ability to attract and retainhighly skilled and talent employees. 3. The proper career planning ensures that the women and people belong to backwardcommunities get opportunities for growth and development. 4. The career plan continuously tries to satisfy the employee expectations and as suchminimizes employee frustration. 5.By attracting and retaining the people from different cultures, enhances ethnical diversity. 6. Protecting employees interest results in promoting organizational goodwill. CAREER PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 1. Identifying individual needs and aspirations Its necessary to identify and communicate the career goals, aspiration and career anchors ofevery employee because most individuals may not have a clear idea about these. For thispurpose, a human re source inventory of the organization and employee potential areasconcerned. 2. Analyzing career opportunitiesThe organizational set up, future plans and career system of the employees are analyzed toidentify the career opportunities available within it. Career paths can be determined for eachposition. It can also necessary to analyze career demands in price of knowledge, skill,experience, aptitude etc. 3. Identifying match and mismatch A mechanism to identifying congruity between individual current aspirations andorganizational career system is developed to identify and compare specific areas of matchand mismatch for different categories of employees. 4.Formulating and implementing strategies Alternative action plans and strategies for dealing with the match and mismatch areformulated and implemented. 5. Reviewing career plans A periodic review of the career plan is necessary to know whether the plan is contributing toeffective utilization of human resources by matching employee objectives to job needs. Review will also indicate to employees in which direction the organization is moving, whatchanges are likely to take office and what skills are needed to adapt to the changing needs ofthe organization.