History Of The Bus Topology

History Of The Bus analysis situsA pile topographic anatomy is a ne dickensrk set up in which leaf nodes ar affiliated to a member of c adequate in the logical perform of a line, with a eradicator at from each sensation end. A mint topology connects each computing machine or nodes to a single segment trunk. All nodes on the net income sh be a common motorbus and utilise a multi-drop transmission median(a). Bus net income eachows whole iodin device to transmit at a time. A distri howevered access talks protocol determines which station is to transmit. The signal goes from wiz end of the bus to a nonher(prenominal). A terminator is take uped at each to cut down the signal so it does not reflect back across the bus. CSMA/CA, media access governing body, is exercisingd to harbour the collisions that take place when two signals placed on the wire at the equal time.There atomic number 18 two types of bus topology analog Bus topology and Distri plainlyed Bus To pology. In Linear Bus Topology, only nodes of the meshing ar connected to a common transmission medium which has exactly two end institutionalises. Distri preciselyed Bus in which all of the nodes of the herald ar connected to a common transmission medium which has more(prenominal) than two endpoints that be created by adding branches to the main section of the transmission medium.Bus webs do take up with a express number of devices. If more than limited computing machines atomic number 18 added to a bus, performance problems testament be result. If the backb angiotensin-converting enzyme melody fails, the completed network effectively becomes unusable.Fig Bus TopologyRing TopologyRing network topology has no exchange server and connects reckoners in a circle of point-to-point unions. Each node handles its own diligences. And overly shargons resources everywhere the entire network. If one node becomes break down, the others argon still able to maintain contact with one another. Such a network is best for decentralized strategys beca aim no priorities argon required.The signal is tape transportred by a image for one station to the succeeding(prenominal). When a station needs to transmit, it grabs the image, attaches data and an reference book to it. And then routes it near the ring. The token deceases along the ring till reaches the reckoner address address. The receiving computer replies an acknowledgment to the sender source. The sender then rel salves the token for use by another computer. Each station on the ring has correspond access but only one station potty use token at a time. To allow an orderly access to the ring, a single electronic token passes from one computer to the next around the ring. A computer green goddess only transmit data when it captures the tokenFig Ring TopologyStar TopologyA sense experience topology is one of the about use common network topology where each of the devices and computers on a ne twork connect to a central hub or sometimes just a switch. On a hotshot network, data passes though the hub to its destination. The hub manages and controls all partings of the network. It in addition performs as a repeating firearm for the data flow. In a star network, the entire network is qualified on the hub so if there is a problem with the hub, the entire network is not working. This makes it easy to troubleshoot by offering a single point for error connection and at the same time the dependency is also very high on that single point. Every computer in the network is safe when the hub is safe. This type of network also offers more silence than all other network.The star network topology requires more line of descent than the usual Bus topology. A common cable that is apply in star network is the UTP or the unshielded writhe p aureole cable. other common cable that is utilize in star networks is the RJ45 or the Ethernet cables.If one computer fails in the network, it does not affect any other computer in the network and the purposes of this computer corporation be easily changed to the next computer easily use the controls of hub. In a Star net income Topology it is mathematical to have all the definitive data backups on the hub in a private folder so if one computer fails, it squeeze out still use data exploitation the next computer in the network and accessing the backup charges on the hub.New devices or nodes can easily be added to the Star Network by just extending a cable from the hub. Because of the hub controls everything, the addition or removal of devices are done apply the hub. If the hub adds a device such(prenominal) as a printer or a fax machine, all the other computers on the network can access that new device by accessing the hub. The device is no need to be installed on all the computers in the entire network. The central function is terms effective and easier to maintain.Fig Star TopologyMesh TopologyA type of netwo rk configuration where each of the computers and network devices are interconnected with one another allows for most transmissions to be distributed even if one of the connections goes down. This type of topology is not commonly employ for most computer networks because it is difficult and expensive to have redundant connection to every computer.In Mesh network, it can route data, component part and instructions surrounded by nodes. It allows for innocuous burning connections and reconfiguration around broken or blocked paths by hopping from node to node until the destination is reached. A mesh network whose nodes are all connected to each other is a broady connected network. The network can still operate even when a node fails or a connection goes bad.On a mesh network, messages can send via any of several possible paths from source to destination. It employs one of two connection ar regurgitatements, proficient mesh topology or partial mesh topology. In the estimable mesh topology, each node is connected directly to each of the others. In the partial mesh topology, some nodes are connected to all the others, but some of the nodes are connected only to those other nodes with which they exchange the most data.Fig Mesh TopologyDifferent types of cablesDifferent types of network cables are employ depending on the kind of network. The type of cable used for a network depends on the networks topology, protocol, and size. If a network has large number of network devices, it pull up stakes need cables that provide high speed and error free connectivity.Some of the cables being used instantly are Unshielded twisted Pair (UTP) cables, coaxial cables and fiber optic cables. The UTP cable is the most common variety, largely used for school networks as it transfers data at coulomb mbps. Coaxial cables have a single copper conductor at their center. A plastic layer provides insulation between the center conductor and the braided metal shield. The outer(a) m etal shield blocks out outer hurly burlys such as fainthearteds, motors and other computers. Fiber optic cables consist of a center glass core surrounded by several layers of protective(p) materials. It transmits light rather than electronic signals and transfers signals over much longer distances than coaxial and twisted pair cables.Network cables are the backbone of any network. However, today several networks are switching over to other mediums of data transfer such as high frequency radio signals, and infrared light beams to connect the workstations. These systems are not only fast and effective, but also do a trend with the problem of maintain several hundred feet of cables dispersal across the workspace. With such technologies coming to the forefront, the future whitethorn well rocknroll in favor of wireless systems.10Mbps NetworkingStandardCable Type portion LengthConnector10 plant2Thin Coaxial185 billsBNC10 tooshieT division 3, 4, 5 twisted pair coulomb metersRJ-4510Bas eFLFiber-optic2000 metersSC/STb) Advantages and Disadvantages of medium.Media Type maximal segment LengthSpeed beAdvantagesDisadvantagesUTP light speed m10 Mbps to deoxyguanosine monophosphate MbpsLeast expensive aristocratic to install widely available and widely usedSusceptible to interference can hold out only a limited distanceSTP100 m10 Mbps to 100 MbpsMore expensive than UTPReduced crosstalk more resistant to EMI than Thinnet or UTPDifficult to work with can cover only a limited distanceCoaxial500 m (Thicknet)185 m (Thinnet)10 Mbps to 100 MbpsRelatively inexpensive, but more costly than UTPLess susceptible to EMI interference than other types of copper mediaDifficult to work with (Thicknet) limited bandwidth limited application (Thinnet) damage to cable can bring down entire networkFiber-Optic10 km and further (single- vogue)2 km and farther (multimode)100 Mbps to 100 Gbps (single mode)100 Mbps to 9.92 Gbps (multimode)ExpensiveCannot be tapped, so aegis is better can be u sed over great distances is not susceptible to EMI has a higher data rate than coaxial and twisted-pair cableDifficult to terminatec) Recommendation.Star topology would be the best expression to use for renewing Townsville police Department Network theme because of in-house network (LAN) structure. Star topology should be also used for following reasons.Easy to install and reconfigure.No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices.Easy to detect faults and to back a track parts.Less expensive.Includes robustness, that is, if one link fails, only that link is affected, other cerebrate remain active.It has been said that Townsville Police Department covers an area of 100 straight kilometers and Townsville is divided into four districts (Northern, Eastern, Western and Southern). For that reason, the switch should be placed in the center of four districts. So, the network cable moldiness cover 50 kilometer and the switch must be gigabit Ethernet. Therefore, UTP with cat6E is the most able network for such an area of network. household 6 UTPCategory 6 put ups gigabit Ethernet and is recognise by standards bodies as livinging 10GBASE-T, however there are terminus ad quems that must be considered. The IEEE 802.3an standard cites a 55 meter distance boundary for standard category 6, which is not universally concord upon within the transient ischemic attack and ISO standards.TIA TSB 155 recently released a Technical swear out Bulletin viewing surplus parameters for running 10GBASE-T on standard category 6. In this text file a 37 meter distance limitation is referenced for 10GBASE-T on standards pliable category 6 systems. Between 37 meters and the IEEE referenced 55 meters, standard category 6 may brook 10GBASE-T, but it is possible that the installer may have to use alien crosstalk mitigation techniques such as unbundling cables or replacing patch corduroys to improve the galvanising parameters to allow 10GBASE-T to work proper ly. Above 55 meters, it is un equally that category 6 UTP would work properly without a large a put on of mitigation to castrate alien crosstalk. A key takeaway is that utilise category 6 UTP for 10GBASE-T should be focused on existing facilitys, not new installations. The excerption for new installations designed to support 10GBASE-T should be increase category 6 UTP, STP or optical fiber systems.Category 6 Advantages Cost and size of media, sexual relation to augmented category 6 and STP Installed basis shortly the dominant UTP cabling standard Installation widely acceptedCategory 6 Disadvantages Limited distance for 10GBASE-T External noise suppression at 100 m, relative to shielded systems or augmented category 6 parturiency 2a)Nowadays, there are several usages of lucre by means of so numerous ways. There are tierce prefatory Internet goInformation (browsing, online-shopping, etc.)Communications (mail, chat, mental picture conferencing, etc.)Files sharing (downlo ading, uploading, etc.)b)The connecting suitable for above severs are as followsFor Information serviceIt can cover only 100 Kbits/s usually prove adequate.For CommunicationFor television set conferencing, bandwidths of no more than 384 Kbits/s usually prove adequate. As for chatting communication, especially for yahoo chat, 28 Kbits/s should be enough.For File SharingAs for file sharing, bandwidths of more than 1 Mbit/s are most suitable.c) The Internet Service Provider in MyanmarMyanmar Posts and TelecommunicationsThe Myanmar Posts and Telecommunications (MPT), is the sole provider of telecommunication service in Myanmar. It is a Government Agency, operational under the Ministry of Communications, Posts and Telegraphs. It was founded in 1884 as a small Department of Posts and Telegraphs and has grown into the present day Myanma Posts and Telecommunications with approximately 13800 employees of which about 380 are managerial level staff. The present organization is headed by the Managing Director and a General Manager as his deputy. There are nine major departments operating under respective deputy prevalent managers/chief engineers in the fields of administration, works and inspection, planning, training, finance, stores, automatic tele shouts, overseas communications and long distance communications. The three main categories of services rendered by MPT are the postal services, telegraph services and telephone services, for twain domestic and external communications.d)Since, there is only one ISP in our country (Myanmar) we have to use MPT (Myanmar Posts and Telecommunication) as an ISP for our country. problem 3a)Methods of Two-Way Voice communications bipartizan vowelize communications (radios) are essentially available in three typesHand-held portable,Vehicle-mounted mobile, andDesktop-base stationThere are also unique bipartisan radio devices such as indoor(a) and outdoor call boxes and one-way radio receivers for wireless paging.Hand-held portab le two-part radios are the walkie talking picture type of radios. As ruled by the FCC (Federal Communications Commission), hand-held radios may not have more than 5 watts of federal agency.Vehicle-mounted mobile two-party radios mount in a car or truck and they use the vehicles outpouring for situation. They may have their own antenna, but better range is achieved by victimisation an externally-mounted antenna.Desktop base station radios use wall AC power and they too may have a built-in antenna, but this antenna may be disconnected and then connected to cable that leads to an external-mounted antenna. The higher the antenna is mounted, the better the range.The vehicle-mounted mobile radios are usually used as base stations by just adding an AC to DC power converter.Mobile and Base station radios are usually more powerful than hand-held radios and may have as much as 100 watts of power.FrequenciesThere are two major frequency formats for two-part radios. They are Ultra game Frequency (ultrahigh frequency) radio and Very High Frequency (VHF) radio. Neither frequency band is inherently better than the other. They each have their pluses and minuses. Both formats are effective ways to overtake with another person.UHF radioThe UHF radio band for moneymaking(prenominal) radios is between 400 512 megahertz. Until recently, it wasnt widely used. Now, the UHF radio frequency is used for two-way radios, GPS, Blue-tooth, cordless phones, and WiFi.VHF radioThe VHF radio band for commercial radios is between 130 174 MHz. FM radio, two-way radios, and television broadcasts operate in this range.Both UHF and VHF radios are prone to line of fortune factors, but VHF a little more so. The waves make it through trees and rugged landscapes, but not as well as UHF frequencies do. However, if a VHF wave and a UHF wave were contagious over an area without barriers, the VHF wave would travel almost twice as far. This makes VHF easier to broadcast over a long range. no npartizan radios, hand-held portable, vehicle-mounted mobile and desktop base station are complete duplex.b)Legal requirement for operation systemTwo -way radio devices nonpartizan radio powerAntennasChannel usagesFCC LicensingAudio AccessoriesCases, Holsters, and Belt ClipsBatteriesRepeatersDrop-in ChargerMulti-charging UnitsSelectable powerOperatorsAdministratorsControl stationAdditional and optional knowledge of two-way voice communication technologyOverall knowledge of how to use a selected two-way voice communication deviceCosts of setting up and operating the system in my countryAs for hand-held two way voice communication device, according to amazon.com, the costs are as followsFor Cobra CTX400 GMRS/federal official 2-Way reversible Radio with Hands-Free Operation (Pair)$36.88For Townsville Police Department, total cost for using hand-held two way voice communication device is up to $2065.28.d) Limitations of each method (interference, range, etc.).Product Features22 Mile Range, 22 bring 121 Privacy Codes10 Channel NOAA radio Hands-free operation ( part)8 Rechargeable AAA batteries, and a 2 port desk charger includedMaximum range extender and belt clip included for maximum efficiency and carrying easeLead-Free, Eco-Friendly Packaginge) As for following feature Highlights, tow way voice communication should be set up.VOXThe Voice Activated canalize (VOX) feature enables us to use our radio hands free. When VOX is false on, the radio will automatically begin transmitting when we speak, without pressing the push-to-talk button. VOX works well for any application.On most VOX-capable radios there is a slight delay between when we start speaking and when the microphone turns on so the first part of the conversation may be clipped. intimately radio users overcome this by repeating the first word. armament precondition StandardsIn an effort to achieve standardization objectives for purchases of products used by the army and other government organizat ions, the U.S. Department of Defense created standards that these products must meet. We will bring in these standards called military standard, MIL-STD, or MIL-SPEC. These standards ensure products meet certain requirements, commonality, reliability, compatibility, and quasi(prenominal) defense-related objectives. tally to Military Specification Standards, Townsville Police Department should be used Cobra CTX400 GMRS/federal official 2-Way Rechargeable Radio. depute 4a)Since AVAYA IP maculation 4.0 is only software product for PBX telephone system, the main equipment that would be installed is only software. The procedure for the installation is as followsInstallationTo establish and maintain an IP DECT installation, a network infrastructure is assumed, which comprises at least the following componentsIP Base sendsIP DECT phoneIP OfficeTFTP server (which can be the IP Office or 3rd Party)Depending on the operational requirements the following services should be providedDHCPSNTP DNSWML/HTTPSyslog daemonb) AVAYA IP Office 4.0 Telephone System (IP DECT)digital Enhanced Cordless TelecommunicationThe standard (ETS 300 175) essentially specifies the air interface, known as the radio interface. Voice and data can both be transmitted via this interface.DECT key technical characteristics areFrequency range approximately 1,880 1,900 GHz (approximately 20 MHz bandwidth)10 carrier frequencies (1,728 MHz spacing) with 12 time slots eachDoubling the number of time slots (to 24) using the TDMA processNet data rate per channel of 32 kbit/s (for voice transmission using ADPCM)Voice coding using the ADPCM methodMaximum transmission power of 10 mWGAP Generic just about the IP DECT Base officesThere are two types of IP Base Station. All IP Base Stations have the same hardware and software capabilities.Indoor IP Base StationThe indoor IP Base Station is for indoor use only. It can be powered by a mains adapter or by 802.3af compliant power over Ethernet.NoteFor Australia and New Zealand the mains adaptor is not currently supported. Only 802.3af compliant power over Ethernet is supported.Outdoor IP Base StationThe outdoor IP Base Station can be used outdoors or indoors. The outdoor IP Base Station can only be powered by 802.3af compliant power over Ethernet.NoteAvaya Power over Ethernet adaptors are non 802.3af compliant, and therefore cannot power the ADMM.One of the IP Base Station within an IP DECT installation must be chosen (at installation time) to operate as the ADMM. This ADMM mode is in addition to the normal IP Base Station functionality that all the other base stations retain.c) Costs for installing AVAYA IP chest of drawersThere are two models of phones the 3701 and 3711 phones. Avaya Kirk DECT phones (WT9620 and DT20) function on the IP DECT solution, but the functionality is limited.AVAYA Partner 18D- Digital phone3 new from $95.00Avaya 6408D+- Digital phone -multi-line operationAvaya 5621SWP IP Phone (700385982)Avaya IP400 Analog Trunk 4 greenbackAvailable at external website Atlas Phones for $199.00d) Costs for operating the systemAvaya IP Office Smart Card w/Voicemail Pro like new, available at external website Atlas Phones for $1,095.00.Premise-based IP PBX systems vary passing widely in cost and even more so as we look at wide-scale deployments and future growth and additions to a system. A staple fiber premise-based box for a relatively small number of users say up to 20 in a single location can cost less than $1,000 excluding the phones themselves. But expansion costs and other branch locations can change the cost equation dramatically. In addition, we will have ongoing costs related to connection to the regular phone system and whatsoever connection costs are imposed by our backbone supplier. These ongoing costs are nevertheless going to be considerably scorn than any other form of phone system. They should be lower than hosted VoIP solutions, and they will be dramatically lower than any older PBX and telecommunications provider.Phones are an additional cost, but when buying a premise-based IP PBX system, we often have greater flexibility than in any other arrangement. We can choose to go with very low-cost, no-name or bottom-of-the-line phones (which are still perfectly capable) all the way up to top-notch phones from manufacturers such as Polycom and Siemens that provide usability benefits (although often at a price premium).For Townsville Police Department, AVAYA Partner 18D- Digital phone should be used up to 6 base stations as for details, one Headquarter Reception Area, four Districts, and one serious crime squad.e) Recommendation for AVAYAThe IP DECT solution delivers all the benefits of IP-based converged communications with the public convenience of in-building wireless communications. Designed to support a large number of users, the IP DECT system enables users to carry a wireless phone and get full access to all the features they are accustomed to using at their desk phone. The IP DECT solution, which connects to the IP Office using a variant of the H.323 protocol, can support users in different offices that are connected via a WAN. An IP DECT cordless handset can travel from one office to another, making and victorious calls.The DECT over IP system comprises the following componentsAt least one IP Base Station connected over an IP network and offering IP DECT as a wireless interface.A maximum of 32 IP Base Stations are supported.IP Office Small Office Edition, IP Office 406v2, 403, 406v1 or 412 with available VCM resources.IP DECT phone Avaya 3701 and Avaya 3711 wireless phones.A maximum of 120 IP DECT phones are supported.Avaya IP DECT Mobility Manager (ADMM) attention interface for IP DECT WirelessSolution, which runs on either one of the IP DECT Base Stations.The picture displayed next page gives a graphical overview of the architecture of the IP DECT Wireless solution. The IP Office, ADMM and the IP Base Stations communicate through the IP infrastructure. The IP Base Stations and the IP DECT phones communicate over air.Graphical overview of the architecture of the IP DECT Wireless solution designate 5Task (5)This is the detail report for the overall tasks sorting from Task 1 to Task 4.In Task 1, the Townsville Police Department should be used Category 6 UTP by the following reasons Cost and size of media, relative to augmented category 6 and STP Installed base currently the dominant UTP cabling standard Installation widely acceptedAnd it is suitable for Townsville Police Department.Category 6 supports gigabit Ethernet and is recognized by standards bodies as supporting 10GBASE-T, however there are limitations that must be considered. The IEEE 802.3an standard cites a 55 meter distance limitation for standard category 6, which is not universally agreed upon within the TIA and ISO standards.TIA TSB 155 recently released a Technical Service Bulletin covering additional parameters for running 10GBASE-T on standard c ategory 6. In this document a 37 meter distance limitation is referenced for 10GBASE-T on standards compliant category 6 systems. Between 37 meters and the IEEE referenced 55 meters, standard category 6 may support 10GBASE-T, but it is possible that the installer may have to use alien crosstalk mitigation techniques such as unbundling cables or replacing patch cords to improve the electrical parameters to allow 10GBASE-T to work properly. Above 55 meters, it is marvellous that category 6 UTP would work properly without a large sum up of mitigation to reduce alien crosstalk. A key takeaway is that using category 6 UTP for 10GBASE-T should be focused on existing installations, not new installations. The choice for new installations designed to support 10GBASE-T should be augmented category 6 UTP, STP or optical fiber systems.Townsville Police Department has been restructured within an area of 100 square kilometers. But Townsville PD could not over more than 500 square kilometers bec ause the head departments are divided into four districts (Northern, Eastern, Western and southern). Cat 6 UTP could support that area.For Task 2, the services for internet connections are as followsInformation (browsing, online-shopping, etc.)Communications (mail, chat, Video conferencing, etc.)Files sharing (downloading, uploading, etc.)These services are the most common used for internet.And recommended connection speeds are as followsFor Information serviceIt can cover only 100 Kbits/s usually prove adequate.For CommunicationFor video conferencing, bandwidths of no more than 384 Kbits/s usually prove adequate. As for chatting communication, especially for most chatting communications, 28 Kbits/s should be enough.For File SharingAs for file sharing, bandwidths of more than 1 Mbit/s are most suitable.There is only one Internet Service Provider in our country, Myanmar Ports and Communications.In Task 3, there are too many options for two -way voice communication devices. Two-way vo ice communications (radios) are essentially available in three typesHand-held portable,Vehicle-mounted mobile, andDesktop-base stationThese are most common used for two-way voice communication. And I provided the recommendation the device as followsMilitary Specification StandardsIn an effort to achieve standardization objectives for purchases of products used by the military and other government organizations, the U.S. Department of Defense created standards that these products must meet. We will see these standards called military standard, MIL-STD, or MIL-SPEC. These standards ensure products meet certain requirements, commonality, reliability, compatibility, and similar defense-related objectives.According to Military Specification Standards, Townsville Police Department should be used two way voice communication technology.For Task 4, the main equipments that would be installed are just only the software. There are so many options and vendors that provide telephone known as PBX . Among those vendors, I chose AVAYA IP Office 4.0 Telephone System (IP DECT). As for Townsville Police Department, like military office, it is important to choose the right products. The IP DECT solution delivers all the benefits of IP-based converged communications with the convenience of in-building wireless communications. Designed to support a large number of users, the IP DECT system enables users to carry a wireless phone and get full access to all the features they are accustomed to using at their desk phone. The IP DECT solution, which connects to the IP Office using a variant of the H.323 protocol, can support users in different offices that are connected via a WAN. An IP DECT cordless handset can travel from one office to another, making and taking calls.