The U.S. Navy Role in World War II Essay Example for Free

The U.S. Navy Role in k straightwayledge domain War II EssayAbstractcosmos War II was the mightiest struggle humankind has ever seen. It killed to a greater extent people, cost more money, damaged more property, affected more people, and caused more far-reaching changes in nearly each country than any other state of state of war in history. The number of people killed, wounded, or missing among September 1939 and September 1945 can neer be calculated, exactly it is estimated that more than 55 million people perished. More than 50 countries took part in the war, and the whole world felt its effects. Men fought in nearly every part of the world, on every continent except Antarctica. Chief battlegrounds included Asia, atomic number 63, North Africa, the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and the Mediterranean Sea. The United States hoped to propitiate out. Drawing on its experience from human War I, Congress passed a series of neutral acts between 1935 and 1939, which were inte nded to prevent Americans becoming entangled with belligerentsWhile America was wall(a)owing in neutrality and isolationism, events were occurring in Europe and Asia that were causing increasing tension across the regions. japan and the United States had been edging toward war for decades. The United States was particularly unhappy with Japans increasingly belligerent attitude toward China. The Nipponese government believed that the only carriage to solve its economic and demographic problems was to expand into its neighbors territory and take over its mo market to this end, Japan had declared war on China in 1937(Tsukiyama, 2006) . American officials responded to this aggression with a battery of economic sanctions and trade embargoes. They reasoned that without access to money and goods, and especially essential supplies like oil, Japan would have to rein in its expansionism.Instead, the sanctions made the Japanese more determined tostand their ground. During months of negotia tions between capital of Japan and Washington DC, neither side would budge. It seemed that war was inevit adequate. No one believed that the Japanese would start that war with an antiaircraft on American territory. For one thing, it would be terribly inconvenient for the Japanese. Hawaii and Japan were about 4,000 miles apart. For another, American intelligence officials were confident that any Japanese attack would take name in one of the comparatively nearby European colonies in the South Pacific the Dutch East Indies, for instance, or Singapore or Indochina(Tsukiyama, 2006) . Because American military leaders were not expecting an attack so close to home, the naval facilities at dip Harbor were relatively undefended. Almost the stainless Pacific Fleet was moored around Ford Island in the harbor, and hundreds of airplanes were squeezed onto neighboring(a) airfields.To the Japanese, driblet Harbor was an irresistible target. The Japanese plan was simple, Destroy the Pacific Fl eet. That way, the Americans would not be able to fight back as Japans armed forces spread across the South Pacific. On declination 7, after months of planning and practice, the Japanese launched their attack. At about 8 a.m., Japanese planes filled the leaf over Pearl Harbor. Bombs and bullets rained onto the vessels moored below. At 810, a 1,800-pound misfire smashed through the deck of the battlewagon USS Arizona and landed in her forward ammunition magazine. The ship exploded and sank with more than 1,000 men confine inside. Next, torpedoes pierced the shell of the battleship USS Oklahoma(Tsukiyama, 2006) . With 400 sailors aboard, the Oklahoma lost her balance, rolled onto her side and slipped underwater. By the duration the attack was over, every battleship in Pearl HarborUSS Arizona, USS Oklahoma, USS California, USS West Virginia, USS Utah, USS Maryland, USS Pennsylvania, USS Tennessee and USS Nevada had sustained significant damage.In all, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor stultifyd or destroyed 18 American ships and nearly 300 airplanes. Dry docks and airfields were likewise destroyed. Most important, almost 2,ergocalciferol men were killed and another 1,000 were wounded(Tsukiyama, 2006) . The Japanese had failed to cripple the Pacific Fleet. By the 1940s, battleships were no longer the most important naval vessel Aircraft carriers were, and as it happened, all of the Pacific Fleets carriers were away from the base on December 7. Moreover, the Pearl Harbor shame had left the bases most vital onshore facilitiesoil storage depots, repairshops, shipyards and hoagie docksintact. As a result, the U.S. Navy was able to rebound relatively quickly from the attack. The following day president Roosevelt addressed the nation stating Yesterday the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked. No matter now long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their right might allow win through to abso lute victory.I believe I interpret the exit of the Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost, but will make very certain that this form of treachery shall never endanger us again. On December 8, Congress approved Roosevelts declaration of war. Three days later, Japanese allies Ger galore(postnominal) and Italy declared war against the United States. For the second cartridge clip, Congress reciprocated. More than two years after the start of the conflict, the United States had entered World War II. Six months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States defeated Japan in one of the most decisive naval battles of World War II. This fleet engagement between U.S. and Japanese navies in the north-central Pacific Ocean resulted from Japans desire to sink the American aircraft carriers that had escaped destruction at Pearl Harbor.Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku, Japanese fleet commander, chose to invade a target relatively close to P earl Harbor to draw out the American fleet, calculating that when the United States began its counterattack, the Japanese would be prepared to grind them. Instead, an American intelligence breakthroughthe solving of the Japanese fleet codesenabled Pacific Fleet commander Admiral Chester W. Nimitz to derive the exact Japanese plans. Nimitz placed available U.S. carriers in commit to surprise the Japanese moving up for their preparatory air strikes on Midway Island itself. The intelligence interplay would be critical to the outcome of the battle and began many weeks before the clash of arms. American radio nets in the Pacific picked up various orders Yamamoto had dispatched to prepare his forces for the operation.As early as May 2, messages that were intercepted began to indicate some forthcoming operation, and a key fact, the planned day-of-battle position of the Japanese carriers, would be divulged in a notice sent on May 16. By the time Nimitz had to make final decisions, the Ja panese plans and order of battle had been reconstructed in considerable detail. American contend forces took over where intelligence efforts left off. Scouts found the Japanese early inthe morning of June 4. Although initial strikes by Midway-based planes were not successful, American carrier-based planes turned the tide. Torpedo bombarders became separated from the American dive-bombers and were slaughtered 36 of 42 shot down, but they diverted Japanese defenses just in time for the dive-bombers to arrive some of them had become lost, and now by luck they found the Japanese. The Japanese carriers were caught while refueling and rearming their planes, making them especially vulnerable. The Americans sank four fleet carriers the entire strength of the task force Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, and Hiryu, with 322 aircraft and over five thousand sailors.The Japanese withal lost the straining cruiser Mikuma. American losses included 147 aircraft and more than three hundred seamen. The last and biggest of the Pacific island battles of World War II, what the battle of Okinawa the campaign involved the 287,000 troops of the U.S. Tenth Army against 130,000 soldiers of the Japanese Thirty-second Army. At stake were air bases vital to the projected invasion of Japan. Japanese forces changed their typical maneuver of resisting at the amnionic fluid edge to a defense in depth, designed to gain time. In conjunction with this, the Japanese navy and army mounted mass air attacks by planes on one-way suicide missions. The Japanese also sent their last big battleship, the Yamato, on a similar mission with a few escorts(Lacey, 2003) .The kamikaze tactics the Japanese used on these missions, although not especially sophisticated, but their determination made it especially tall(prenominal) for the Allies. The net result made Okinawa a mass bloodletting both on land and at sea, and among both the islands civilian population and the military. A series of defense lines across the island, both north and southwesterly of the American landing beaches, enabled the Japanese to conduct a fierce defense of Okinawa over many weeks. development pillboxes and strong points, caves, and even some ancient castles, the Japanese defense positions supported one another and very much resisted even the most determined artillery fire or air strikes. Mounting few attacks themselves, the Japanese conserved their strength for this defense(Lacey, 2003) .Caves or pillboxes often had to be destroyed individually with dynamite charges. This battle took place in an environment much more heavily populated than most Pacific islands, with civilian casualties of almost 100,000 and equally heavy losses for the Japanese army. It was a scene straight out of hell. There is no other way to describe it, recalls HigaTomiko, then a seven-year-old girl, who survived the battle. The commanding generals on both sides died in the passage of this battle. American general Simon B. Buckner by artillery fire , Japanese general Ushijima Mitsuru by suicide. Other U.S. losses in ground combat included 7,374 killed, 31,807 wounded, and 239 missing in action(Lacey, 2003) . The navy suffered 4,907 killed or missing aboard 34 ships sunk and 368 damaged 763 aircraft were lost. At sea and in the air, the Japanese expended roughly 2,800 aircraft, plus a battleship, a light cruiser, and four destroyers, with losses that can be estimated at upwards of 10,000.The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was tasked with spearheading the twisting of the vast facilities necessary for the top-secret program, codenamed The Manhattan Project. Hiroshima, a manufacturing center of some 350,000 people located about 500 miles from Tokyo, was selected as the first target. After arriving at the U.S. base on the Pacific island of Tinian, the more than 9,000-pound uranium-235 bomb was make full aboard a modified B-29 bomber christened Enola Gay. The plane dropped the bombknown as Little Boyby parachute at 815 in the mornin g, and it exploded 2,000 feet above Hiroshima in a blast equal to 12 to15,000 slews of TNT, destroying five square miles of the city.Hiroshimas devastation failed to elicit immediate Japanese surrender, however, and on August 9 study Charles Sweeney flew another B-29 bomber, Bockscar, from Tinian. Thick clouds over the primary target, the city of Kokura, drove Sweeney to a secondary target, Nagasaki, where the plutonium bomb Fat Man was dropped at 1102 that morning. More powerful than the one used at Hiroshima, the bomb weighed nearly 10,000 pounds and was built to produce a 22-kiloton blast. The topography of Nagasaki, which was nestled in narrow valleys between mountains, reduced the bombs effect, limiting the destruction to 2.6 square miles. Japans Emperor Hirohito announced his countrys unconditional surrender in World War II in a radio address on August 15, citing the devastating power of a in the buff and most cruel bomb.References1. Naval History and Heritage Command. (20 12, May 14). Battle of midway, 4-7 june 1942. Retrieved from http//www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/midway/midway.htm 2. Lacey, L. (2003, April 13). Battle of okinawa. Retrieved fromhttp//www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/okinawa/default.aspx 3. Tsukiyama, T. (2006). http//nisei.hawaii.edu. Retrieved from http//nisei.hawaii.edu/ object/io_1149316185200.html 4. World war 2 history. (2007). Retrieved fromhttp//www.WorldWar2History.info/Midway/5. Ohio state university. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//ehistory.osu.edu/wwii/USNCV.cfm 6.Goldfield, D (2010). The american journey , volume 2 . (6th ed., Vol. 2). Prentice Hall 7. national achivements. (1998, 08). Retrieved from http//www.archives.gov/research/arc/ww2/army-casualties/